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Gegenstand der hier vorgestellten Arbeit ist ein Überblick über die Unterschiede zwischen der aktuell in Baden-Württemberg bauaufsichtlich gültigen Erdbebennorm DIN 4149 und der DIN EN 1998-1/NA 2021-07, die Sie künftig ersetzen soll und bereits dem aktuellen Stand der Technik entspricht. Es wird darauf eingegangen, welche Umstände hinter dem Umstieg auf die Europäische Norm und die Neuauflegung des Nationalen Anhangs stehen und ein Faktor ausgearbeitet, mit dem beide Normen direkt verglichen werden können. Zudem werden gängige Berechnungsverfahren zur Ermittlung von Erdbebenbeanspruchungen vorgestellt und anhand des Berechnungsprogramms Minea Design die Unterschiede zwischen vereinfachter 2D-Berechnung und 3D-Berechnung mit finiten Elementen untersucht. Daraus wird eine Aussage darüber abgeleitet, welches der Berechnungsverfahren auf der „sicheren Seite“ liegt und wie sich die Ergebnisse verifizieren lassen. An einem realen Projekt werden diese Erkenntnisse in Form einer Erdbebenbemessung angewandt.
The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is currently in transformation. Within this transformation, digitalization has a leading function, whereby a higher level of efficiency is pursued. In order to ensure a coordinated information exchange within the digitalization, the concept of the Common Data Environment (CDE) has been developed in the last years. A CDE is a cloud based collaborative platform that is used to exchange project information and data between the different stakeholders of a construction project. The main objective of this thesis is the implementation of a suitable CDE solution for the purpose of a construction management company.
For this purpose, an evaluation of different CDE software on the market, based on the functions and usability of the different software, has been complied to identify the most suitable solution. Secondly, a concept for the setup and implementation of a CDE solution has been developed. Therefore, advice for a successful change-management has been established to ensure the good implementation of the CDE.
The first part of the thesis includes a literature review through which the current state of the information management in the AEC industry is analyzed. The advantages of a CDE for the information management are also analyzed. Therefore, a synthesis of the functions and requirements to a CDE has been complied.
The second part of the thesis links the concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) with the CDE. The advantages of a CDE in the BIM process has been established.
The third part of the thesis treats the evaluation of CDE software. This evaluation has been complied with a scoring method. As basis of the evaluation, a requirement list has been developed in which all the required functions of a CDE are listed.
In the fourth part of the thesis, a concept for the establishment of a CDE has been developed. The developed concept is a practical application of the standards specifications to CDE. The concept has been developed with CDE expert and CDE power users. The developed concept treats overall of the structuration, the standardization, and the implementation of a CDE.
The last part treats of the change process engender by the implementation of a CDE.
Summary, this thesis provides a structure for the implementation of a CDE software and serves as framework for companies of the AEC industry to select and establish a CDE.
Wie kann Korpuslinguistik für den Fremdsprachenunterricht genutzt werden? Wie kann Data-driven Learning initiiert werden? Wer sich mit diesen Fragen beschäftigt und sich über den Einsatz im DaF-Unterricht informieren möchte, wird kaum fündig, denn die publizierten Materialien wurden in der Regel für den Englischunterricht verfasst. In dieser Sammelrezension werden daher vier Monografien vorgestellt, in denen der Einsatz der Korpuslinguistik zur Sprachvermittlung Englisch beschrieben wird. Es sollen die Schwerpunkte und Besonderheiten der Monografien herausgearbeitet und der mögliche Nutzen für Deutsch als Fremdsprache eruiert werden.
Digitalisierung im Bauwesen
(2023)
Background
This is a systematic review protocol to identify automated features, applied technologies, and algorithms in the electronic early warning/track and triage system (EW/TTS) developed to predict clinical deterioration (CD).
Methodology
This study will be conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to evaluate the features of EW/TTS in terms of their automated features, technologies, and algorithms. To this end, we will include any English articles reporting an EW/TTS without time limitation. Retrieved records will be independently screened by two authors and relevant data will be extracted from studies and abstracted for further analysis. The included articles will be evaluated independently using the JBI critical appraisal checklist by two researchers.
Discussion
This study is an effort to address the available automated features in the electronic version of the EW/TTS to shed light on the applied technologies, automated level of systems, and utilized algorithms in order to smooth the road toward the fully automated EW/TTS as one of the potential solutions of prevention CD and its adverse consequences.
Online-Reisebewertungsplattformen sind der Treffpunkt für Touristen, um ihre Erlebnisse zu teilen und einander zu beeinflussen. Die Untersuchung des Besuchererlebnisses beim Besuch eines Museums kann sich positiv auf die Museumsentwicklung auswirken. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse verwendet, um die positiven und negativen Aspekte von Museumsbesuchen im indonesischen Nationalmuseum zu untersuchen. Durch die Datenanalyse von 420 TripAdvisor-Bewertungen des Nationalmuseums wurden die Aspekte ermittelt, die zur Zufriedenheit oder Unzufriedenheit der Besucher beitragen. Dadurch werden Museumsfachleute in die Lage versetzt, Museumsbesuche weiterzuentwickeln und zu verbessern.
Das Ergebnis dieser Studie zeigt, dass es 12 wichtige Themen gibt, die direkt mit der Erlebniswelt der Besucher im Museum verbunden sind, nämlich Ausstellungsdesign, Museumsidentität, First-hand Experience, Zugänglichkeit, Dienstleistungsumfeld, Architektur, Orientierung und Beschilderung, Annehmlichkeiten, Führungen, Wartungsarbeiten, Geschenkladen und Café, Mitarbeiter. Zu den positiven Aspekten der 12 Themen gehören die umfassenden Sammlungen, die Ausstellungsgestaltung, die Möglichkeit, Neues zu lernen, die günstigen Eintrittspreise, die strategische Lage des Museums, die informativen Museumsführer und die Dienstleistungen für eine Vielzahl von Museumsbesuchern. Bei den negativen Aspekten des Museums konzentrierten sich die Klagen der Besucher im Allgemeinen auf den Mangel an Interaktivität, Beschreibung, Kontext und Beleuchtung der Exponate. Darüber hinaus beklagten sich die Besucher über die Überfüllung an den Wochenenden, die ungepflegten Toiletten, das Verhalten des Personals und die Renovierungsarbeiten, die während der Öffnungszeiten des Museums durchgeführt wurden. Zur Verbesserung der Besuchsqualität sollte das Museum die Interaktivität und die Pflege der Sammlungen intensivieren, eine bessere Beleuchtung installieren, ausführliche Informationen über die Exponate bereitstellen, den Kundenservice und Mitarbeiterschulungen verbessern, Führungen für Kinder anbieten und einen offiziellen Museumsladen eröffnen.
Multi-faceted stresses of social, environmental, and economic nature are increasingly challenging the existence and sustainability of our societies. Cities in particular are disproportionately threatened by global issues such as climate change, urbanization, population growth, air pollution, etc. In addition, urban space is often too limited to effectively develop sustainable, nature-based solutions while accommodating growing populations. This research aims to provide new methodologies by proposing lightweight green bridges in inner-city areas as an effective land value capture mechanism. Geometry analysis was performed using geospatial and remote sensing data to provide geometrically feasible locations of green bridges. A multi-criteria decision analysis was applied to identify suitable locations for green bridges investigating Central European urban centers with a focus on German cities as representative examples. A cost-benefit analysis was performed to assess the economic feasibility using a case study. The results of the geometry analysis identified 3249 locations that were geometrically feasible to implement a green bridge in German cities. The sample locations from the geometry analysis were proved to be validated for their implementation potential. Multi-criteria decision analysis was used to select 287 sites that fall under the highest suitable class based on several criteria. The cost-benefit analysis of the case study showed that the market value of the property alone can easily outweigh the capital and maintenance costs of a green bridge, while the indirect (monetary) benefits of the green space continue to increase the overall value of the green bridge property including its neighborhood over time. Hence, we strongly recommend light green bridges as financially sustainable and nature-based solutions in cities worldwide.
Recognizing Human Activity of Daily Living Using a Flexible Wearable for 3D Spine Pose Tracking
(2023)
The World Health Organization recognizes physical activity as an influencing domain on quality of life. Monitoring, evaluating, and supervising it by wearable devices can contribute to the early detection and progress assessment of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, rehabilitation, and exercises in telehealth, as well as abrupt events such as a fall. In this work, we use a non-invasive and non-intrusive flexible wearable device for 3D spine pose measurement to monitor and classify physical activity. We develop a comprehensive protocol that consists of 10 indoor, 4 outdoor, and 8 transition states activities in three categories of static, dynamic, and transition in order to evaluate the applicability of the flexible wearable device in human activity recognition. We implement and compare the performance of three neural networks: long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), and a hybrid model (CNN-LSTM). For ground truth, we use an accelerometer and strips data. LSTM reached an overall classification accuracy of 98% for all activities. The CNN model with accelerometer data delivered better performance in lying down (100%), static (standing = 82%, sitting = 75%), and dynamic (walking = 100%, running = 100%) positions. Data fusion improved the outputs in standing (92%) and sitting (94%), while LSTM with the strips data yielded a better performance in bending-related activities (bending forward = 49%, bending backward = 88%, bending right = 92%, and bending left = 100%), the combination of data fusion and principle components analysis further strengthened the output (bending forward = 100%, bending backward = 89%, bending right = 100%, and bending left = 100%). Moreover, the LSTM model detected the first transition state that is similar to fall with the accuracy of 84%. The results show that the wearable device can be used in a daily routine for activity monitoring, recognition, and exercise supervision, but still needs further improvement for fall detection.
Sanktionen stellen Zwangsmaßnahmen dar, die bei der Bewältigung politischer Spannungen zwischen Nationen eine lange und wiederkehrende Stellung einnehmen. Sie werden sowohl einseitig als auch in Staatenbündnissen verhängt und besonders nach dem 2. Weltkrieg mit zunehmender Häufigkeit eingesetzt. Während im letzten Jahrhundert, insbesondere vor dem 2. Weltkrieg, Handelsbeschränkungen und umfassende Wirtschaftsblockaden die vorherrschenden Sanktionsinstrumente darstellten, werden heute in einer stärker integrierten und globalisierten Welt Sanktionen in verschiedenen weiteren Formen verhängt, einschließlich internationaler Finanzbeschränkungen, Reiseverbote, Handelseinschränkungen für bestimmte Gütergruppen, Aufhebung militärischer Hilfen und spezifische Einschränkungen, wie beispielsweise Flugverbote und Hafensperrungen.
Sleep disorders can impact daily life, affecting physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being. Due to the time-consuming, highly obtrusive, and expensive nature of using the standard approaches such as polysomnography, it is of great interest to develop a noninvasive and unobtrusive in-home sleep monitoring system that can reliably and accurately measure cardiorespiratory parameters while causing minimal discomfort to the user’s sleep. We developed a low-cost Out of Center Sleep Testing (OCST) system with low complexity to measure cardiorespiratory parameters. We tested and validated two force-sensitive resistor strip sensors under the bed mattress covering the thoracic and abdominal regions. Twenty subjects were recruited, including 12 males and 8 females. The ballistocardiogram signal was processed using the 4th smooth level of the discrete wavelet transform and the 2nd order of the Butterworth bandpass filter to measure the heart rate and respiration rate, respectively. We reached a total error (concerning the reference sensors) of 3.24 beats per minute and 2.32 rates for heart rate and respiration rate, respectively. For males and females, heart rate errors were 3.47 and 2.68, and respiration rate errors were 2.32 and 2.33, respectively. We developed and verified the reliability and applicability of the system. It showed a minor dependency on sleeping positions, one of the major cumbersome sleep measurements. We identified the sensor under the thoracic region as the optimal configuration for cardiorespiratory measurement. Although testing the system with healthy subjects and regular patterns of cardiorespiratory parameters showed promising results, further investigation is required with the bandwidth frequency and validation of the system with larger groups of subjects, including patients.
Der einst vorherrschende Baustoff in Deutschland war Lehm. Dieser wurde durch die erste industrielle Revolution weitgehend verdrängt und durch industrialisierte Baustoffe wie Beton ersetzt. Mit der vierten industriellen Revolution und dem steigenden Bewusstsein der Auswirkungen der Ressourcenverschwendung und Abfallproduktion auf die Umwelt, soll der traditionelle Lehmbau durch Digitalisierung und Automatisierung wieder an ökonomischem Aufschwung gewinnen. Bauen mit Lehm bietet die Chance einer systematischen Transformation der Bauindustrie in Richtung Kohlenstoffneutralität. Bisher ist die Bauindustrie für mehr als 30 % der weltweiten Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich. Durch die Verwendung regionaler, zirkulärer Materialien, die idealerweise aus der eigenen Baugrube gewonnen werden, könnte sich dies in Zukunft ändern. Lehm kommt in nahezu allen Teilen der Welt flächendeckend und zur Genüge vor und kann mit verschiedenen regional vorhandenen Additiven ergänzt werden. Durch Standardisierung der Produkte und technologischen Fortschritt könnte der Lehmbau in eine Massenproduktion überführt werden und in Zukunft mit dem konventionellen Stahlbetonbau oder Holzbau konkurrieren.
Diese Masterarbeit konzentriert sich auf die Modernisierung von Lehmbauweisen in Form von digitalisierten und automatisierten additiven Fertigungsverfahren wie der Stampflehmbau oder das 3D-Drucken mit Lehm für Wandbauteile. Ziel der Masterthesis ist es, einen Bauablauf für eines der genannten additiven Fertigungsverfahren zu entwickeln. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden die verschiedenen Fertigungsverfahren und Arten nach Stand der Technik miteinander verglichen und sich für das am besten bewertete entschieden. Als praktische Grundlage für die Wahl des Fertigungsverfahren dienen beispielhafte Untersuchungen mit einem Lehm 3D-Drucker. Dabei werden Prüfkörper mit und ohne Additive gedruckt sowie Prüfkörper mit unterschiedlichen Füllgraden erstellt und anschließend im Labor auf ihre Druckfestigkeit geprüft.
Die folgende Arbeit zeigt die vielen Potenziale des Lehmbaus als zirkuläre und moderne Bauweise auf und beleuchtet zugleich die Herausforderungen, die es noch zu lösen gilt.
Linear and nonlinear response functions (RF) are extracted for the climate system and the carbon cycle represented by the MPI-ESM and cGENIE models, respectively. Appropriately designed simulations are run for this purpose. Joining these RFs, we have a climate emulator with carbon emissions as the forcing and any desired observable quantity (provided the data is saved), such as the surface air temperature or precipitation, as the predictand. Like e.g. for atmospheric CO2 concentration, we also have RFs for the solar constant as a forcing — mimicking solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering. We consider two application cases. 1. One is based on the Paris 2015 agreement, determining the necessary least amount of SRM geoengineering needed to keep the global mean surface air temperature below a certain threshold, e.g. 1.5 or 2 [oC], given a certain amount of carbon emission abatement (ABA) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) geoengineering. 2. The other application considers the conservation of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). Using a zero-dimensional simplification of a complex ice sheet model, we determine (a) if we need SRM given some ABA and CDR, and, if possible, (b) the required least amount of SRM to avoid the collapse of the GrIS. Keeping temperatures below 2 [oC] even is hardly possible without sustained SRM (1.); however, the collapse of the GrIS can be avoided applying SRM even for moderate levels of CDR and ABA, an overshoot being affordable (2.).
Insecurity Refactoring is a change to the internal structure of software to inject a vulnerability without changing the observable behavior in a normal use case scenario. An implementation of Insecurity Refactoring is formally explained to inject vulnerabilities in source code projects by using static code analysis. It creates learning examples with source code patterns from known vulnerabilities.
Insecurity Refactoring is achieved by creating an Adversary Controlled Input Dataflow tree based on a Code Property Graph. The tree is used to find possible injection paths. Transformation of the possible injection paths allows to inject vulnerabilities. Insertion of data flow patterns introduces different code patterns from related Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) reports. The approach is evaluated on 307 open source projects. Additionally, insecurity-refactored projects are deployed in virtual machines to be used as learning examples. Different static code analysis tools, dynamic tools and manual inspections are used with modified projects to confirm the presence of vulnerabilities.
The results show that in 8.1% of the open source projects it is possible to inject vulnerabilities. Different inspected code patterns from CVE reports can be inserted using corresponding data flow patterns. Furthermore the results reveal that the injected vulnerabilities are useful for a small sample size of attendees (n=16). Insecurity Refactoring is useful to automatically generate learning examples to improve software security training. It uses real projects as base whereas the injected vulnerabilities stem from real CVE reports. This makes the injected vulnerabilities unique and realistic.
Increasing demand for sustainable, resilient, and low-carbon construction materials has highlighted the potential of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs), which are formulated from various soil types (sand, silt, clay) and recycled mineral waste. This paper presents a comprehensive inter- and transdisciplinary research concept that aims to industrialise and scale up the adoption of CMM-based construction materials and methods, thereby accelerating the construction industry’s systemic transition towards carbon neutrality. By drawing upon the latest advances in soil mechanics, rheology, and automation, we propose the development of a robust material properties database to inform the design and application of CMM-based materials, taking into account their complex, time-dependent behaviour. Advanced soil mechanical tests would be utilised to ensure optimal performance under various loading and ageing conditions. This research has also recognised the importance of context-specific strategies for CMM adoption. We have explored the implications and limitations of implementing the proposed framework in developing countries, particularly where resources may be constrained. We aim to shed light on socio-economic and regulatory aspects that could influence the adoption of these sustainable construction methods. The proposed concept explores how the automated production of CMM-based wall elements can become a fast, competitive, emission-free, and recyclable alternative to traditional masonry and concrete construction techniques. We advocate for the integration of open-source digital platform technologies to enhance data accessibility, processing, and knowledge acquisition; to boost confidence in CMM-based technologies; and to catalyse their widespread adoption. We believe that the transformative potential of this research necessitates a blend of basic and applied investigation using a comprehensive, holistic, and transfer-oriented methodology. Thus, this paper serves to highlight the viability and multiple benefits of CMMs in construction, emphasising their pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and resilience in the built environment.