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Institute
- Fakultät Architektur und Gestaltung (6)
- Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen (26)
- Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (16)
- Fakultät Informatik (63)
- Fakultät Maschinenbau (12)
- Fakultät Wirtschafts-, Kultur- und Rechtswissenschaften (43)
- Institut für Angewandte Forschung - IAF (77)
- Institut für Optische Systeme - IOS (33)
- Institut für Strategische Innovation und Technologiemanagement - IST (38)
- Institut für Systemdynamik - ISD (98)
This thesis investigates methods for the recognition of facial expressions using support vector machines. Rather than trying to recognize facial actions in the face such as raised eyebrow, mouth open and frowns. These facial actions are described in the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and are essential facial components, which can be combined to form facial expressions. We perform independent recognition of 6 upper and 10 lower action units in the face, which may occur either individually or in combination. Based on a feature extraction from grey-level values, the system is expected to recognize under real-time conditions. Results are presented with different image resolutions, SVM kernels and variations of low-level features.
The target of this thesis is the introduction of a client management system (CMS) at Haaland Internet Productions (HiP), a web design and hosting company in Burbank, California, USA. The company needs a system to track orders and improve workflow. HiP needs a system which not only tracks orders, but also stores all client information in a database. This client information can be used for a variety of marketing and contact reasons. It is an important and integral part of HiP's client relationship management (CRM). The lack of a cohesive CMS at HiP caused many fundamental business problems, such as lost orders, missed billing statements, and over/under billing. The research done during the investigation and analysis of the company and their needs should lead to a global system which totally fulfils the needs of HiP. This global system could be in the form of an off-the-shelf product with some customizations, or a completely new, in-house system. Either solution will have respective pros and cons; the goal is to reach a decision that best fits HiP's needs and situation. The following is a concise version of the project. Particular emphasis is placed upon the single steps which made up the decision process, as well as the practiced techniques, methods, and their applications.
Towards an integrated theory of economic governance – Conclusions from the governance of ethics
(2004)
This thesis deals with background, theory, design, layout and experimental test results of an analogue CMOS VLSI current-mode analog-to-digital converter. This system supports a project, whose goal it is to build a biologically relevant model of synaptic plasticity, named the Artificial Synapse. A critical part of the design, which is based on analogue CMOS VLSI circuits, is the ability to activate a discrete number of channels by sampling an analogue signal. Since currents are the signal of interest and transistors are biased in weak inversion (subthreshold regime), the system requires a current mode A/D circuit that it can operate at ultra-low power and current levels. To meet this need, two new innovative A/D converter approaches are proposed to replace the system’s previous A/D converter design which suffered from a non-linear resolution, uncoded output code and heavy bit oscillations. The initial technical requirements and key criteria for the new converter comprise a resolution of one nano ampere, an input current range between 0 – 100nA, conversion frequencies of up to 5kHz, and a power supply voltage of less than 1.5V. Temperature range, space occupation and power dissipation aspects were not specified due to the early stage of the related Artificial Synapse project. The novel converters both produce seven bit thermometer codes, their functional principle can be best described as current mode flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Due to the fact that the input signal is in the area of a subthreshold current, it is selfevident that the A/D converter design should operate at a subthreshold realm. To support low power operation, clocks or high currents could not be used and were excluded from the design from the very start. To encode the thermometer code into standard binary code, a seven-to-three encoder was designed and integrated on the chip. In October 2003, the design was submitted for production to the MOSIS circuit fabrication service. The AMI Semiconductor 1.5 micron ABN CMOS process was chosen to manufacture the chip. When it was returned in January 2004, simulation results showed that both new A/D converter approaches accomplished excellent results which were expected from SPICE simulation results. With the new chip installed, it became possible to resolve input currents as small as one nano ampere and achieve conversion frequencies of up to 5kHz. The circuits also both meet the requirements which were set at the beginning of the project to operate at a power supply voltage of less than 1.5V, processing input currents in the range between 0 – 100nA. A prototype printed circuit board (PCB) was developed, produced and employed for experiments with the chip. The major application of this test-bed is the ability to generate and measure extremely low currents with high precision. This enables the monitoring of the very small currents that are processed by the chip.
This work treats with the segmentation of 2D environment Laser data, captured by an Autonomous Mobile Indoor Robot. It is part of the data processing, which is necessary to navigate a mobile robot error free in its environment. The whole process can generally be described by data capturing, data processing and navigation. In this project the data processing deals with data, captured by a Laser-Sensor, which provides two dimensional data by a series of distance measurements i.e. point-measurements of the environment. These point series have to be filtered and processed into a more convenient representation to provide a virtual environment map, which can be used of the robot for an error free navigation. This project provides different solutions of the same problem: the conversion from distance points to model segments which should represent the real world environment as close as possible. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the different Segmentation-Algorithms will be shown as well as a comparison taking into account the Computational Time and the Robustness of the results.
Web services are, due to the excellent tool support, simple to provide and use in trivial cases. But their use in non-trivial Web service-based systems like I3M poses new difficulties and problems. I3M is an instant messaging and chat system with distributed and local components collaborating via Web services. One difficulty is to make a series of related Web service invocations in a stateful session. A problem is the performance of collaborating collocated, service-oriented components of a system due to the high Web service invocation overheaed as is shown by measurements. Solutions to both the difficulty and the problem are proposed.
The focus of this part of the research project lies on the process of developing a Social Responsibility Standard within a network made up of various stakeholders. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is known as the world´s leading institution for the development of standards. Besides setting standards in the fields of e.g. construction, agriculture and information technology, recently the Technical Management Board (TMB) of ISO proposed to further extend its activities by developing an international standard addressing the social responsibility of organizations. In 2004, a new Working Group was established as a multi-stakeholder group comprised of experts, who are nominated by ISO´s members as well as interested international and regional organizations in order to provide for guidance in setting international standards on social responsibility. In May 2006, the survey was conducted during the third conference of the ISO Working Group in Lisbon, Portugal. This particular empirical study has been designed on the one hand to investigate the motivation of organizations and their delegates to engage in social responsibility. On the other hand, the survey had the objective to evaluate the individual participants' current perception and assessment of the network´s efficiency, effectiveness and legitimacy, a so-called 'snap-shot' of this ISO process1. Overall, the empirical study shows that the organizations and their delegates, who have dealt with the topic SR for several years for diverse reasons, expect a tremendous effect by implementing ISO 26000 in their own organizations. Furthermore, the majority of respondents assess the decision-making process positively within the ISO process with respect to the criteria inclusive, fair, capacity building, legitimate and transparent. Difficulties concerning the distribution of stakeholder influences are being addressed. The results of the survey support the efforts to establish policies and procedures in order to encourage a balanced representation of stakeholders in terms of gender, geographic and stakeholder groups.
There was hardly another development which influenced the life on earth as much as the development of the communication technology in the last decades. The advantages of mobile communication brought the branch enormeous growth rates. However, for some years an increasing saturation has been looming in the markets especially in the developed nations and new marketing strategies are needed in order for companies to be able to distance themselves from their competitors. Against the background of this situation ICT companies all over the world started to look for new growth opportunities and found them in the so called “emerging markets” of the developing nations. To exploit this potential will be the one central challenge for the mobile communication industry for the next years. With this book I want to direct the gaze of all readers towards these markets which hold an enormous potential for the whole industry. Furthermore, I want to introduce some generic strategic approaches which can help firms to successfully participate in these markets.
This diploma thesis is devoted to the design and analysis of a radar signal enabling an object classification capability in surveillance radar systems based on high-resolution radar range profiles. It picks up the research results from Kastinger (2006), who investigated classification algorithms for high-resolution radar range profiles, and Meier (2007), who programmed a MATLAB toolbox for the evaluation of radar signals. A classical, brief, introduction to radar fundamentals is given (Chapter 1) as well as the motivation for this thesis and certain basic parameters used. After high-resolution radar range profiles are discussed with special focus on surveillance radar systems (Chapter 2), the results of Kastinger (2006) are picked up (Chapter 3) as far as necessary for the following chapters of this thesis. Following the chapters on radar basics, high-resolution radar range profiles and classification, basic and advanced radar signals are discussed and analysed, especially their range resolution and sidelobe levels (Chapter 4). This includes linear frequency-modulated pulses and nonlinear frequency-modulated pulses as well as phase-coded pulses, coherent trains of identical pulses, and stepped-frequency waveforms. Their analysis is based on Meier's MATLAB toolbox. In Chapter 5 we will bring up additional points that have to be considered in radar system design for implementing a classification capability, before this thesis ends with an overall conclusion (Chapter 6).
This working paper is part of a PhD research project dealing with the topics Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Theory and Network Governance, run by Maud Schmiedeknecht and supervised by Prof. Dr. habil. Josef Wieland, both from the Konstanz Institute for Intercultural Management, Values and Communication at the Konstanz University of Applied Sciences.
Today we live in a world that is characterized by a constantly changing environment. During the last decade, this highly volatile environment forced companies to implement strategies that identify, track and minimise the risks that entrepreneurial activity entails. Unfortunately, risks only account for a part of the insecurity that is connected to future events. The other and not inferior part of this insecurity consists of possible positive developments – so called opportunities. Due to this reason in economic science and in practice the opinion aggravates that solely focusing on risks is not sufficient to fully exploit the potential of markets and companies. In the 16th century, the Dutch Renaissance humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) said: “It is well known that among the blind, the one-eyed man is king.” Transferring this statement in the context of Risk Management, the conclusion becomes apparent: The environmental uncertainty that surrounds entrepreneurial actions includes both opportunities and threats. As commonly practiced though, Risk Management tools only address threats. While this approach is surely better than doing nothing, it still can be seen as a major weakness of the traditional Risk Management approach. Nevertheless, in terms of Erasmus, this approach represents the one-eyed man when compared with the blind. To continue this metaphor a little further, it is possible to conclude that the one-eyed king could be easily relieved of his crown by introducing an emperor who is able to see with two eyes. Although this problem is well known in economic science, up to know only little scientific focus was shifted towards the systematic identification and management of opportunities. In fact, most of the present literature focuses on the identification and handling of risk and even though much of the recently published literature captures the term opportunity, none of it proposes a solid idea of following up on the approach. Still, facing the defiances of the present economic environment, it is not sufficient for companies to focus their attention on reducing risks. Instead, it is imperative to deal with the subject of Opportunity Management as well. With this paper, I want to undermine the importance of Opportunity Management for all companies independently of their size or branch that they operate in. Thereby, this paper is dedicated to all managers who strive to improve the professionalism of their companies in terms of strategic thinking. Furthermore, I hope that this paper can facilitate a practical implementation of a working Opportunity Management System.
Volterra and Wiener series
(2011)
Volterra and Wiener series are two classes of polynomial representations of nonlinear systems. They are perhaps the best understood and most widely used nonlinear system representations in signal processing and system identification. A Volterra or Wiener representation can be thought of as a natural extension of the classical linear system representation. In addition to the convolution of the input signal with the system's impulse response, the system representation includes a series of nonlinear terms that contain products of increasing order of the input signal with itself. It can be shown that these polynomial extension terms allow for representing a large class of nonlinear systems which basically encompasses all systems with scalar outputs that are time-invariant and have noninfinite memory.
In automotive a lot of electromagnetically, pyrotechnically or mechanically driven actuators are integrated to run comfort systems and to control safety systems in modern passenger cars. Using shape memory alloys (SMA) the existing systems could be simplified, performing the same function through new mechanisms with reduced size, weight, and costs. A drawback for the use of SMA in safety systems is the lack of materials knowledge concerning the durability of the switching function (long-time stability of the shape memory effect). Pedestrian safety systems play a significant role to reduce injuries and fatal casualties caused by accidents. One automotive safety system for pedestrian protection is the bonnet lifting system. Based on such an application, this article gives an introduction to existing bonnet lifting systems for pedestrian protection, describes the use of quick changing shape memory actuators and the results of the study concerning the long-time stability of the tested NiTi-wires. These wires were trained, exposed up to 4years at elevated temperatures (up to 140°C) and tested regarding their phase change temperatures, times, and strokes. For example, it was found that A P-temperature is shifted toward higher temperatures with longer exposing periods and higher temperatures. However, in the functional testing plant a delay in the switching time could not be detected. This article gives some answers concerning the long-time stability of NiTi-wires that were missing till now. With this knowledge, the number of future automotive applications using SMA can be increased. It can be concluded, that the use of quick changing shape memory actuators in safety systems could simplify the mechanism, reduce maintenance and manufacturing costs and should be insertable also for other automotive applications.
Using multi-camera matching techniques for 3d reconstruction there is usually the trade-off between the quality of the computed depth map and the speed of the computations. Whereas high quality matching methods take several seconds to several minutes to compute a depth map for one set of images, real-time methods achieve only low quality results. In this paper we present a multi-camera matching method that runs in real-time and yields high resolution depth maps. Our method is based on a novel multi-level combination of normalized cross correlation, deformed matching windows based on the multi-level depth map information, and sub-pixel precise disparity maps. The whole process is implemented completely on the GPU. With this approach we can process four 0.7 megapixel images in 129 milliseconds to a full resolution 3d depth map. Our technique is tailored for the recognition of non-technical shapes, because our target application is face recognition.
To master complexity, we can organize it or discard it. The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering first teaches the tools for organizing complexity, then distinguishes the two paths for discarding complexity: with and without loss of information. Questions and problems throughout the text help readers master and apply these groups of tools. Armed with this three-part toolchest, and without complicated mathematics, readers can estimate the flight range of birds and planes and the strength of chemical bonds, understand the physics of pianos and xylophones, and explain why skies are blue and sunsets are red.
The effect on the mean-variance space of restrictions on a variable is investigated in this
paper. A restriction may be the placing of upper and lower bounds on a variable.
Another limitation is the loss of the continuity of a variable.
Average marks for Examinations are considered in an application of this limited meanvariance
space. In this case, the bounds are given by the highest and the lowest possible mark (e.g. 1.0 and 5.0). The limitation of the mean-variance space depends on the number of students who participate in the examination. The restriction of the loss of continuity is shown by the use of discrete marks (e.g. 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, …). Furthermore,
the Target-Shortfall-Probability lines are integrated into the mean-variance space. These
lines are used to indicate the proportion of students who have good or very good marks in the examination. In financial markets, Target-Shortfall-Probability is used as a risk criterion.
Characterization of NiTi Shape Memory Damping Elements designed for Automotive Safety Systems
(2014)
Actuator elements made of NiTi shape memory material are more and more known in industry because of their unique properties. Due to the martensitic phase change, they can revert to their original shape by heating when subjected to an appropriate treatment. This thermal shape memory effect (SME) can show a significant shape change combined with a considerable force. Therefore such elements can be used to solve many technical tasks in the field of actuating elements and mechatronics and will play an increasing role in the next years, especially within the automotive technology, energy management, power, and mechanical engineering as well as medical technology. Beside this thermal SME, these materials also show a mechanical SME, characterized by a superelastic plateau with reversible elongations in the range of 8%. This behavior is based on the building of stress-induced martensite of loaded austenite material at constant temperature and facilitates a lot of applications especially in the medical field. Both SMEs are attended by energy dissipation during the martensitic phase change. This paper describes the first results obtained on different actuator and superelastic NiTi wires concerning their use as damping elements in automotive safety systems. In a first step, the damping behavior of small NiTi wires up to 0.5 mm diameter was examined at testing speeds varying between 0.1 and 50 mm/s upon an adapted tensile testing machine. In order to realize higher testing speeds, a drop impact testing machine was designed, which allows testing speeds up to 4000 mm/s. After introducing this new type of testing machine, the first results of vertical-shock tests of superelastic and electrically activated actuator wires are presented. The characterization of these high dynamic phase change parameters represents the basis for new applications for shape memory damping elements, especially in automotive safety systems.
Cyberspace: a world at war. Our privacy, freedom of speech, and with them the very foundations of democracy are under attack. In the virtual world frontiers are not set by nations or states, they are set by those, who control the flows of information. And control is, what everybody wants.
The Five Eyes are watching, storing, and evaluating every transmission. Internet corporations compete for our data and decide if, when, and how we gain access to that data and to their pretended free services. Search engines control what information we are allowed - or want - to consume. Network access providers and carriers are fighting for control of larger networks and for better ways to shape the traffic. Interest groups and copyright holders struggle to limit access to specific content. Network operators try to keep their networks and their data safe from outside - or inside - adversaries.
And users? Many of them just don’t care. Trust in concepts and techniques is implicit. Those who do care try to take back control of the Internet through privacy-preserving techniques.
This leads to an arms race between those who try to classify the traffic, and those who try to obfuscate it. But good or bad lies in the eye of the beholder, and one will find himself fighting on both sides.
Network Traffic Classification is an important tool for network security. It allows identification of malicious traffic and possible intruders, and can also optimize network usage. Network Traffic Obfuscation is required to protect transmissions of important data from unauthorized observers, to keep the information private. However, with security and privacy both crumbling under the grip of legal and illegal black hat crackers, we dare say that contemporary traffic classification and obfuscation techniques are fundamentally flawed. The underlying concepts cannot keep up with technological evolution. Their implementation is insufficient, inefficient and requires too much resources.
We provide (1) a unified view on the apparently opposed fields of traffic classification and obfuscation, their deficiencies and limitations, and how they can be improved. We show that (2) using multiple classification techniques, optimized for specific tasks improves overall resource requirements and subsequently increases classification speed. (3) Classification based on application domain behavior leads to more accurate information than trying to identify communication protocols. (4) Current approaches to identify signatures in packet content are slow and require much space or memory. Enhanced methods reduce these requirements and allow faster matching. (5) Simple and easy to implement obfuscation techniques allow circumvention of even sophisticated contemporary classification systems. (6) Trust and privacy can be increased by reducing communication to a required minimum and limit it to known and trustworthy communication partners.
Our techniques improve both security and privacy and can be applied efficiently on a large scale. It is but a small step in taking back the Web.
Requirements Engineering in Business Analytics for Innovation and Product Lifecycle Management
(2014)
Considering Requirements Engineering (RE) in business analytics, involving market oriented management, computer science and statistics, may be valuable for managing innovation in Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). RE and business analytics can help maximize the value of corporate product information throughout the value chain starting with innovation management. Innovation and PLM must address 1) big data, 2) development of well-defined business goals and principles, 3) cost/benefit analysis, 4) continuous change management, and 5) statistical and report science. This paper is a positioning note that addresses some business case considerations for analytics project involving PLM data, patents, and innovations. We describe a number of research challenges in RE that addresses business analytics when high PLM data should be turned into a successful market oriented innovation management strategy. We provide a draft on how to address these research challenges.
Atom interferometers have a multitude of proposed applications in space including precise measurements of the Earth's gravitational field, in navigation & ranging, and in fundamental physics such as tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) and gravitational wave detection. While atom interferometers are realized routinely in ground-based laboratories, current efforts aim at the development of a space compatible design optimized with respect to dimensions, weight, power consumption, mechanical robustness and radiation hardness. In this paper, we present a design of a high-sensitivity differential dual species 85Rb/87Rb atom interferometer for space, including physics package, laser system, electronics and software. The physics package comprises the atom source consisting of dispensers and a 2D magneto-optical trap (MOT), the science chamber with a 3D-MOT, a magnetic trap based on an atom chip and an optical dipole trap (ODT) used for Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) creation and interferometry, the detection unit, the vacuum system for 10-11 mbar ultra-high vacuum generation, and the high-suppression factor magnetic shielding as well as the thermal control system.
The laser system is based on a hybrid approach using fiber-based telecom components and high-power laser diode technology and includes all laser sources for 2D-MOT, 3D-MOT, ODT, interferometry and detection. Manipulation and switching of the laser beams is carried out on an optical bench using Zerodur bonding technology. The instrument consists of 9 units with an overall mass of 221 kg, an average power consumption of 608 W (819 W peak), and a volume of 470 liters which would well fit on a satellite to be launched with a Soyuz rocket, as system studies have shown.
Vortrag auf dem Doktorandenkolloquium des Kooperativen Promotionskollegs der HTWG, 09.07.2015
Vortrag auf dem Doktorandenkolloquium des Kooperativen Promotionskollegs der HTWG, 09.07.2015
RELOAD
(2015)
Vortrag auf dem Doktorandenkolloquium des Kooperativen Promotionskollegs der HTWG, 09.07.2015
Vortrag auf dem Doktorandenkolloquium des Kooperativen Promotionskollegs der HTWG, 09.07.2015
In biomechanics laboratories the ground reaction force time histories of the foot-fall of persons are usually measured using a force plate. The accelerations of the floor, in which the force plate is embedded, have to be limited, as they may influence the accuracy of the force measurements. For the numerical simulation of vibrations induced by humans in biomechanical laboratories, loading scenarios are defined. They include continuous motions of persons (walking, running) as well as jumps, typical for biomechanical investigations on athletes. The modeling of floors has to take into account the influence of floor screed in case of portable force plates. Criteria for the assessment of the measuring error provoked by floor vibrations are given. As an example a floor designed to accommodate a force platform in a biomechanical laboratory of the University Hospital in Tübingen, Germany, has been investi-gated for footfall induced vibrations. The numerical simulation by a finite element analysis has been validated by field measurements. As a result, the measuring error of the force plate installed in the laboratory is obtained for diverse scenarios.
This chapter contains three advanced topics in model order reduction (MOR): nonlinear MOR, MOR for multi-terminals (or multi-ports) and finally an application in deriving a nonlinear macromodel covering phase shift when coupling oscillators. The sections are offered in a preferred order for reading, but can be read independently.
The proposed approach applies current unsupervised clustering approaches in a different dynamic manner. Instead of taking all the data as input and finding clusters among them, the given approach clusters Holter ECG data (long-term electrocardiography data from a holter monitor) on a given interval which enables a dynamic clustering approach (DCA). Therefore advanced clustering techniques based on the well known Dynamic Time Warping algorithm are used. Having clusters e.g. on a daily basis, clusters can be compared by defining cluster shape properties. Doing this gives a measure for variation in unsupervised cluster shapes and may reveal unknown changes in healthiness. Embedding this approach into wearable devices offers advantages over the current techniques. On the one hand users get feedback if their ECG data characteristic changes unforeseeable over time which makes early detection possible. On the other hand cluster properties like biggest or smallest cluster may help a doctor in making diagnoses or observing several patients. Further, on found clusters known processing techniques like stress detection or arrhythmia classification may be applied.
The problem of vessel collisions or near-collision situations on sea, often caused by human error due to incomplete or overwhelming information, is becoming more and more important with rising maritime traffic. Approaches to supply navigators and Vessel Traffic Services with expert knowledge and suggest trajectories for all vessels to avoid collisions, are often aimed at situations where a single planner guides all vessels with perfect information. In contrast, we suggest a two-part procedure which plans trajectories using a specialised A* and negotiates trajectories until a solution is found, which is acceptable for all vessels. The solution obeys collision avoidance rules, includes a dynamic model of all vessels and negotiates trajectories to optimise globally without a global planner and extensive information disclosure. The procedure combines all components necessary to solve a multi-vessel encounter and is tested currently in simulation and on several test beds. The first results show a fast converging optimisation process which after a few negotiation rounds already produce feasible, collision free trajectories.
To evaluate the quality of a person's sleep it is essential to identify the sleep stages and their durations. Currently, the gold standard in terms of sleep analysis is overnight polysomnography (PSG), during which several techniques like EEG (eletroencephalogram), EOG (electrooculogram), EMG (electromyogram), ECG (electrocardiogram), SpO2 (blood oxygen saturation) and for example respiratory airflow and respiratory effort are recorded. These expensive and complex procedures, applied in sleep laboratories, are invasive and unfamiliar for the subjects and it is a reason why it might have an impact on the recorded data. These are the main reasons why low-cost home diagnostic systems are likely to be advantageous. Their aim is to reach a larger population by reducing the number of parameters recorded. Nowadays, many wearable devices promise to measure sleep quality using only the ECG and body-movement signals. This work presents an android application developed in order to proof the accuracy of an algorithm published in the sleep literature. The algorithm uses ECG and body movement recordings to estimate sleep stages. The pre-recorded signals fed into the algorithm have been taken from physionet1 online database. The obtained results have been compared with those of the standard method used in PSG. The mean agreement ratios between the sleep stages REM, Wake, NREM-1, NREM-2 and NREM-3 were 38.1%, 14%, 16%, 75% and 54.3%.
Technology-based ventures provide an important route for successful technology transfer [1], [2]. Their founders are supported in successful technology commercialization by innovation intermediaries [3]. Accordingly, the performance of an innovation system, at least to some extent, depends on the efficiency of these intermediaries in terms of the impact of their scarce resources on the survival and growth of technology-based ventures. To increase their efficiency, intermediaries typically optimize their "intake" by requesting a formal business plan to base their selection on as a hygiene factor [4]-[7]. Thus, some scholars argue that written business plans show significant distortion as being produced only to attract support from innovation intermediaries [6], [8]. Accordingly, they rarely serve for these addressees as a source of information for analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of ventures, in order to derive actionable conclusions and more effectively support ventures [9], [10]. Addressees search for different indicators in business plans for their evaluation [11]. The descriptions of these indicators only evince little empirical proof for the performance of technology-based venture's [8], [12]. This gap is herein addressed, in contrast to the lacking empirical insight, as the most frequently produced artifact of early-stage technology ventures is at the same time a written business plan [10], [13]. This paper addresses this gap by conceptualizing transaction relations described in the written business plan as a means for working around the inevitable inaccuracies and uncertainties that delimit the explanatory abilities [14] of the snapshot model [10] presented by a business plan. Using a qualitative content analysis, we derive from the descriptions of transaction relations in a written business plan valid indicators for the maturity of the venture's value-network in different dimensions [15]. To this extent, this paper presents the findings from a pre-study that was conducted based on a sample of forty business plans from an overall population of 800 business plans in a longitudinal sample from one of Europe's most active innovation systems, the regional State of Baden-Württemberg. Such findings may be used by innovation intermediaries to enhance their efficiency, by enabling these to not only derive individual support strategies for business acceleration but also to analyze the impact of support measures by reliably monitoring maturity progress in venture activities.
In this paper an approach towards databased fault diagnosis of linear electromagnetic actuators is presented. Time and time-frequency-domain methods were applied to extract fault related features from current and voltage measurements. The resulting features were transformed to enhance class separability using either Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Optimal Transformation. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction was performed employing a modified Fisher-ratio. Fault detection was carried out using a Support-Vector-Machine classifier trained with randomly selected data subsets. Results showed, that not only the used feature sets (time-domain/time-frequency-domain) are crucial for fault detection and classification, but also feature pre-processing. PCA transformed time-domain features allow fault detection and classification without misclassification, relying on current and voltage measurements making two sensors necessary to generate the data. Optimal transformed time-frequency-domain features allow a misclassification free result as well, but as they are calculated from current measurements only, a dedicated voltage sensor is not necessary. Using those features is a promising alternative even for detecting purely supply voltage related faults.
This work investigates soft input decoding for generalized concatenated (GC) codes. The GC codes are constructed from inner nested binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH)codes and outer Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. In order to enable soft input decoding for the inner BCH block codes, a sequential stack decoding algorithm is used. Ordinary stack decoding of binary block codes requires the complete trellis of the code.
In this work a representation of the block codes based on the trellises of supercodes is proposed in order to reduce the memory requirements for the representation of the BCH codes. Results for the decoding performance of the overall GC code are presented.
Furthermore, an efficient hardware implementation of the GC decoder is proposed.
Small vessels or unmanned surface vehicles only have a limited amount of space and energy available. If these vessels require an active sensing collision avoidance system it is often not possible to mount large sensor systems like X-Band radars. Thus, in this paper an energy efficient automotive radar and a laser range sensor are evaluated for tracking surrounding vessels. For these targets, those type of sensors typically generate more than one detection per scan. Therefore, an extended target tracking problem has to be solved to estimate state end extension of the vessels. In this paper, an extended version of the probabilistic data association filter that uses random matrices is applied. The performance of the tracking system using either radar or laser range data is demonstrated in real experiments.
Probabilistic data association for tracking extended targets under clutter using random matrices
(2015)
The use of random matrices for tracking extended objects has received high attention in recent years. It is an efficient approach for tracking objects that give rise to more than one measurement per time step. In this paper, the concept of random matrices is used to track surface vessels using highresolution automotive radar sensors. Since the radar also receives a large number of clutter measurements from the water, for the data association problem, a generalized probabilistic data association filter is applied. Additionally, a modification of the filter update step is proposed to incorporate the Doppler velocity measurements. The presented tracking algorithm is validated using Monte Carlo Simulation, and some performance results with real radar data are shown as well.
Digital cameras are subject to physical, electronic and optic effects that result in errors and noise in the image. These effects include for example a temperature dependent dark current, read noise, optical vignetting or different sensitivities of individual pixels. The task of a radiometric calibration is to reduce these errors in the image and thus improve the quality of the overall application. In this work we present an algorithm for radiometric calibration based on Gaussian processes. Gaussian processes are a regression method widely used in machine learning that is particularly useful in our context. Then Gaussian process regression is used to learn a temperature and exposure time dependent mapping from observed gray-scale values to true light intensities for each pixel. Regression models based on the characteristics of single pixels suffer from excessively high runtime and thus are unsuitable for many practical applications. In contrast, a single regression model for an entire image with high spatial resolution leads to a low quality radiometric calibration, which also limits its practical use. The proposed algorithm is predicated on a partitioning of the pixels such that each pixel partition can be represented by one single regression model without quality loss. Partitioning is done by extracting features from the characteristic of each pixel and using them for lexicographic sorting. Splitting the sorted data into partitions with equal size yields the final partitions, each of which is represented by the partition centers. An individual Gaussian process regression and model selection is done for each partition. Calibration is performed by interpolating the gray-scale value of each pixel with the regression model of the respective partition. The experimental comparison of the proposed approach to classical flat field calibration shows a consistently higher reconstruction quality for the same overall number of calibration frames.