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We consider the problem of increasing the informative value of electrocardiographic (ECG) surveys using data from multichannel electrocardiographic leads, that include both recorded electrocardiosignals and the coordinates of the electrodes placed on the surface of the human torso. In this area, we were interested in reconstruction of the surface distribution of the equivalent sources during the cardiac cycle at relatively low hardware cost. In our work, we propose to reconstruct the equivalent electrical sources by numerical methods, based on integral connection between the density of electrical sources and potential in a conductive medium. We consider maps of distributions of equivalent electric sources on the heart surface (HSSM), presenting source distributions in the form of a simple or double electrical layer. We indicate the dynamics of the heart electrical activity by the space-time mapping of equivalent electrical sources in HSSM.
Marketingrecht
(2018)
Dieses Buch legt eine umfassende Gesamtdarstellung des Marketingrechts vor und sensibilisiert für mögliche Rechtsprobleme im Marketing. Verantwortliche im Marketingmanagement, die Entscheidungen oft auch schnell treffen müssen, werden hier mit den Grundlagen rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen vertraut gemacht. Der marketingspezifische Aufbau und die Entscheidungsorientierung gewährleisten dem Marketingmanagement als Hauptzielgruppe einen hohen Praxisnutzen. Der Leser erhält wertvolle Hinweise, wie er im Marketing effektiver und zielgerichteter mit der Rechtsabteilung oder externen Rechtsberatern kommunizieren kann.
Infolge des Klimawandels sind entlang der Gewässer Baden-Württembergs verschärfte Niedrigwassersituationen zu erwarten, die unter Umständen zu Wassernutzungskonflikten der lokalen Akteure führen. Anhand des Kochers und der Murg wurden mit Hilfe einer Stakeholder-Analyse solche Konflikte identifiziert sowie erste Handlungsoptionen für eine Niedrigwasservorsorge bzw. ein Niedrigwassermanagement erarbeitet. Den Erhebungen zufolge treten Wassernutzungskonkurrenzen in fast allen Nutzergruppen auf, jedoch mit unterschiedlicher Ausprägung. Hierbei stehen bestimmte Sektoren teilweise mit mehreren Stakeholder-Gruppen im Widerstreit, andere Gruppen haben dagegen keine Erfahrung mit Konkurrenzsituationen. Weiterhin ist auffällig, dass Niedrigwasserereignisse an beiden Flüssen lediglich einen Teil der Nutzungskonflikte auslösen. Ein Großteil der Streitfragen wird durch anthropogene Einflüsse verursacht.
Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird das grundlegende Vorgehen zur Berechnung der Durchbiegung im gerissenen Zustand inklusive Berücksichtigung von Kriechen und Schwinden vorgestellt. Dabei werden aufbauend auf den Vorgaben des EC2 verschiedene Verfahren mit unterschiedlichen Genauigkeitsniveaus für Balken und einachsig gespannte Platten erläutert. Für einfache Systeme können diese Verfahren auch von Hand durchgeführt werden und bieten dabei ein hohes Maß an Kontrolle über den Rechenablauf. Anschließend wird die Ermittlung der Schwindverformungen genauer betrachtet, welche nur mit hohem Rechenaufwand durchgeführt werden kann. Für eine Auswahl von Systemen können Diagramme mit Multiplikationsfaktoren hergeleitet werden, welche die Berechnung stark vereinfachen. Des Weiteren wird auf die Verformungsberechnung im Zustand II für Plattentragwerke eingegangen. Dabei werden sowohl die Berechnung mit FE‐Plattenprogrammen, welche oftmals entsprechende Funktionen anbieten, als auch vereinfachte manuelle Verfahren vorgestellt. Die Grundlagen der Rissbildung lassen sich von Stabtragwerken auf Platten übertragen, allerdings entstehen dabei neue Fragestellungen, wie beispielsweise zum Vorgehen bei der Steifigkeitsabminderung oder zum Einfluss der Schnittgrößenumlagerung infolge Rissbildung. In diesem Bereich besteht daher noch Forschungsbedarf.
Online-based business models, such as shopping platforms, have added new possibilities for consumers over the last two decades. Aside from basic differences to other distribution channels, customer reviews on such platforms have become a powerful tool, which bestows an additional source for gaining transparency to consumers. Related research has, for the most part, been labelled under the term electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). An approach, providing a theoretical basis for this phenomenon, will be provided here. The approach is mainly based on work in the field of consumer culture theory (CCT) and on the concept of co-creation. The work of several authors in these streams of research is used to construct a culturally informed resource-based theory, as advocated by Arnould & Thompson and Algesheimer & Gurâu.
Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften und insbesondere nachhaltigerer Konsum sind längst als zentrale Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts erkannt worden. Unternehmen und Verbraucher/innen sind dabei gleichermaßen gefordert, sich gegenseitig in Prozessen gemeinsamer Wertschöpfung zu befähigen. Das Potential dieser Prozesse liegt jedoch nicht alleine in einer klugen Mäßigung der Akteure, sondern in einer sichtbaren Aufwertung der vielfältigen nachhaltigen Konsumoptionen. Eine Möglichkeit, dies zu erreichen, liegt darin, Nachhaltigkeit als Qualität für ein breites Spektrum von Konsumgütern erkennbar und erlebbar werden zu lassen. Eine Nachhaltigkeitsdeklarierung kann dabei weit mehr leisten als nur eine weitere visuelle Auszeichnung. Unternehmen können die kulturellen Kontexte von Verbraucher/innen erkennen und zielgerichtet agieren. Dabei können die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten digitaler Medien hilfreich sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit schlägt vor, dies stets mit Blick auf die lebendige Realität auf Anbieter- und Nachfragerseite zu tun.
Comparison and Identifiability Analysis of Friction Models for the Dither Motion of a Solenoid
(2018)
In this paper, the mechanical subsystem of a proportional solenoid excited by a dither signal is considered. The objective is to find a suitable friction model that reflects the characteristic mechanical properties of the dynamic system. Several different friction models from the literature are compared. The friction models are evaluated with respect to their accuracy as well as their practical identifiability, the latter being quantified based on the Fisher information matrix.
This paper describes an early lumping approach for generating a mathematical model of the heating process of a moving dual-layer substrate. The heat is supplied by convection and nonlinearly distributed over the whole considered spatial extend of the substrate. Using CFD simulations as a reference, two different modelling approaches have been investigated in order to achieve the most suitable model type. It is shown that due to the possibility of using the transition matrix for time discretization, an equivalent circuit model achieves superior results when compared to the Crank-Nicolson method. In order to maintain a constant sampling time for the in-visioned-control strategies, the effect of variable speed is transformed into a system description, where the state vector has constant length but a variable number of non-zero entries. The handling of the variable transport speed during the heating process is considered as the main contribution of this work. The result is a model, suitable for being used in future control strategies.
Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen als Instrument der Vereinfachung betrieblicher Vertragsgestaltung
(2018)
Der Süden
(2018)
Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern die Sapir-Whorf-Hypothese, die die Abhängigkeit des Denkens von der Sprache postuliert, einen Erklärungsansatz zur raumsemantischen Konstruktion des touristischen Südens liefern kann. Sie dient als Analyseraster in Verbindung mit empirischen Befunden zu den touristischen Imageprofilen von Sevilla und Buenos Aires, die als Fallbeispiele touristischer Städte des Südens gewählt wurden.
E-mobility in Tourism
(2018)
This article examines chances for and obstacles to e-mobility in tourism at the cross-border region of Lake Constance, Germany. Using secondary internet research, a database of key e-mobility supply factors was generated and visualized utilizing a geographical information system. The results show that fragmentation in infrastructure and information due to the cross-border situation of the four-country region is the main obstacle for e-mobility in tourism in the Lake Constance region. Cooperation and coordination of the supply side of e-mobility in the Lake Constance region turned out to be weak. To improve the chances of e-mobility in cross-border tourism a more client-oriented approach regarding information, accessibility, and conditions of use is necessary.
According to the World Food Organization, nearly half of all root and tuber crops worldwide are not consumed, but are lost due to inappropriate storage and post-harvest losses. In developing countries such as Ethiopia, potatoes have not been dried, but are traditionally stored in potato clamps. So far, dried potatoes have not been converted into usable foods.
The aim of the present work is to convert potatoes - perishable rootlets and tubers - into stable products by hot air drying. Hot air dryers are economical to operate in industrialized countries. In Africa, this is reserved for larger industrial companies only. In regions with a tropical climate, however, the use of solar tunnel dryers is worthwhile. These are a good choice for farming and small industries and wherever electrical energy is difficult or impossible to obtain.
In a first part of the work, the drying process of potatoes was investigated, in particular with regard to the change of thermal, mechanical and chemical quality parameters. In an evaluation of the literature it was found that potatoes are not subject to quality changes if the water activityis below a value of 0.2. In order to determine the water content associated with this value at storage temperature, the known equations for the sorption equilibrium were evaluated and verified with own experimental investigations. This determined the end point of the drying process.
The following experimental investigations showed a process-dependent change of the quality criteria such as color, shrinkage, and mechanical properties as well as the content of valuedetermining substances such as vitamin C and starch. The differences in the course and magnitude of the quality changes were attributed to the glass transition that takes place during the drying process. For the determination of the glass transition temperature a new, simple method based on the measurement of mechanical properties could be developed. The knowledge of the glass transition temperature allowed optimizing the drying process. The drying process could be carried out in the rubbery or glassy region, depending on the expected quality changes. Thus, all information was available to produce high quality dried potatoes in an industrial process.
Since the production of potato products in less industrialized regions without sufficient supply of electrical energy should be included, potatoes were dried with a solar tunnel dryer. Examination of the quality properties mentioned above confirmed the process-dependent quality changes.
Finally, the dried product was ground and with the flour thus produced, wheat flour was replaced for baking bread. An evaluation of the finished bread by a panel showed that the acceptance of the bread according to the new recipe was high, also with regard to baking volume, taste, texture and color.
This work shows that by drying potatoes can be transformed a well accepted, storable and easily transportable product. The risk of losses or degradation is minimized. It can be produced on an industrial as well as on farm level. If the influence of the glass transition is taken into account, it is possible to optimize the quality of the product.
Although the Hospice Foundation in Constance knew they had a personnel
problem, they were unsure how to begin to fix it. In addition to difficulties in
finding and keeping employees, the Hospice Foundation’s employees were
often on sick leave, adding pressure on remaining staff. Twelve communication
design students in the masters program at the University of Applied
Sciences in Constance (HTWG Konstanz) conducted a study aimed at
identifying the causes for these problems and, more generally, understanding
how the employees work and feel. Even though the methods in this
study are well known, it presents an important prototype for designers and
design researchers because of its success in finding useful insights. It also
serves as a pre-design project briefing for both management and designers.
It demonstrates the usefulness of qualitative methods in providing a deeper
understanding of a complex situation and its usefulness as a strategic tool
and for defining a project’s focus and scope. Ideally, it also provides insights
into health care for the elderly.
Ziegelsplittbetone der Nachkriegsjahre und moderne RC-Betone - Nachhaltigkeit an Objektbeispielen
(2018)
Das Bauwesen gehört zu den größten Verbrauchern an natürlichen Ressourcen und Energie in der deutschen Wirtschaft. Das ist in vielen Fällen trotzdem ökologisch und ökonomisch vertretbar, weil die Bauteile und Bauwerke verglichen mit anderen "Produkten" eine deutlich längere technische Lebensdauer haben - im Fall des Betons zwischen ca. 25 und 100 Jahren - und wenn nach dem Rückbau hohe Recyclingquoten erzielt werden. In Bezug auf Einsparmöglichkeiten spielt der Massenbaustoff Beton eine ganz zentrale Rolle. Neben der Einsparung des sehr energieintensiven Zements und der Entwicklung von Substitutionsbindemitteln, stehen auch die Gesteinskörnungen im Fokus, die den größten Anteil am Beton ausmachen. Im Artikel werden auf der Basis eigener Ergebnisse aus einem DBU?geförderten Forschungsprojekt zu RC?Betonen die Nachhaltigkeit von Beton an Objektbeispielen vorgestellt und über den Sachstand zur aktuellen Nutzung von R-Betonen in Deutschland informiert. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Wertigkeit mineralischer Baustoffe aus vergleichsweise wenigen, überwiegend natürlichen Komponenten wie beim Beton, dessen Instandsetzungsmöglichkeiten und bessere Voraussetzungen für späteres Recycling gegenüber vielen modernen, kunststoffhaltigen Verbundbaustoffen.
Die Putzstrukturen an Fassaden werden maßgeblich durch die Fachhandwerker geprägt. Deshalb wird ihre Ebenmäßigkeit auch nie mit der von industriell gefertigten Fassadenplatten und Ähnlichem vergleichbar sein – aber genau das macht einen Teil des Charmes von Putzfassaden aus. Dies ist auch bei der Bearbeitung von Schadstellen zu berücksichtigen.
Für mehr Qualität am Bau
(2018)
Mauermörtel und Putze
(2018)
Deep neural networks have become a veritable alternative to classic speaker recognition and clustering methods in recent years. However, while the speech signal clearly is a time series, and despite the body of literature on the benefits of prosodic (suprasegmental) features, identifying voices has usually not been approached with sequence learning methods. Only recently has a recurrent neural network (RNN) been successfully applied to this task, while the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) (that are not able to capture arbitrary time dependencies, unlike RNNs) still prevails. In this paper, we show the effectiveness of RNNs for speaker recognition by improving state of the art speaker clustering performance and robustness on the classic TIMIT benchmark. We provide arguments why RNNs are superior by experimentally showing a “sweet spot” of the segment length for successfully capturing prosodic information that has been theoretically predicted in previous work.
Generalised concatenated (GC) codes are well suited for error correction in flash memories for high-reliability data storage. The GC codes are constructed from inner extended binary Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes and outer Reed–Solomon codes. The extended BCH codes enable high-rate GC codes and low-complexity soft input decoding. This work proposes a decoder architecture for high-rate GC codes. For such codes, outer error and erasure decoding are mandatory. A pipelined decoder architecture is proposed that achieves a high data throughput with hard input decoding. In addition, a low-complexity soft input decoder is proposed. This soft decoding approach combines a bit-flipping strategy with algebraic decoding. The decoder components for the hard input decoding can be utilised which reduces the overhead for the soft input decoding. Nevertheless, the soft input decoding achieves a significant coding gain compared with hard input decoding.
Influence of Temperature on the Corrosion behaviour of Stainless Steels under Tribological Stress
(2018)
Posterpräsentation
Today’s markets are characterized by fast and radical changes, posing an essential challenge to established companies. Startups, yet, seem to be more capable in developing radical innovations to succeed in those volatile markets. Thus, established companies started to experiment with various approaches to implement startup-like structures in their organization. Internal corporate accelerators (ICAs) are a novel form of corporate venturing, aiming to foster bottom-up innovations through intrapreneurship. However, ICAs still lack empirical investigations. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the interface between the ICA and the core organization and the respective support activities (resource access and support services) that create an innovation-supportive work environment for the intrapreneurial team. The results of this qualitative study, comprising 12 interviews with ICA teams out of two German high-tech companies, show that the resources provided by ICAs differ from the support activities of external accelerators. Further, the study shows that some resources show both supportive as well as obstructive potential for the intrapreneurial teams within the ICA.
Corporate venturing has gained much attention due
to challenges and changes that occur because of discontinuous
innovations – which seem to be promoted by digitalization. In this
context, open innovation has become a promising tool for
established companies to strengthen their innovation capabilities.
While the external opening of the innovation process has gained
much attention, the internal opening lacks on investigations.
Especially new organizational forms, such as Internal Corporate
Accelerators, have not been investigated sufficiently. This study,
which is based on 13 interviews from two German tech-companies,
contributes to a better understanding of this new form of corporate
venturing and the resulting effects on the organizational renewal.
Long-term sleep monitoring can be done primarily in the home environment. Good patient acceptance requires low user and installation barriers. The selection of parameters in this approach is significantly limited compared to a PSG session. The aim is a qualified selection of parameters, which on the one hand allow a sufficiently good classification of sleep phases and on the other hand can be detected by non-invasive methods.
Integrität in Unternehmen
(2018)
Unternehmen stehen in der Verantwortung, eine Vielzahl an Werten in ihrem Geschäft zu beachten, allen voran den der Integrität. Das Buch beantwortet die Frage, was Integrität für Unternehmen bedeutet und wie integres Unternehmenshandeln erreicht werden kann. Die Autorin entwickelt einen theoretisch fundierten und praktisch anwendbaren Ansatz der Unternehmensintegrität und gibt Orientierung, wie dieser durch vielfältige Maßnahmen im Rahmen von Integrity Management umgesetzt werden kann. Dabei werden klassische Compliance-Ansätze um eine werteorientierte Perspektive ergänzt, damit Unternehmen ihre je eigene Verantwortung wahrnehmen können.
Bauen nach dem Bauhaus
(2018)
Autonomous moving systems require very detailed information about their environment and potential colliding objects. Thus, the systems are equipped with high resolution sensors. These sensors have the property to generate more than one detection per object per time step. This results in an additional complexity for the target tracking algorithm, since standard tracking filters assume that an object generates at most one detection per object. This requires new methods for data association and system state filtering.
As new data association methods, in this thesis two different extensions of the Joint Integrated Probabilistic Data Association (JIPDA) filter to assign more than one detection to tracks are proposed.
The first method that is introduced, is a generalization of the JIPDA to assign a variable number of measurements to each track based on some predefined statistical models, which will be called Multi Detection - Joint Integrated Probabilistic Data Association (MD-JIPDA).
Since this scheme suffers from exponential increase of association hypotheses, also a new approximation scheme is presented. The second method is an extension for the special case, when the number and locations of measurements are a priori known. In preparation of this method, a new notation and computation scheme for the standard Joint Integrated Data Association is outlined, which also enables the derivation of a new fast approximation scheme called balanced permanent-JIPDA.
For state filtering, also two different concepts are applied: the Random Matrix Framework and the Measurement Generating Points. For the Random Matrix framework, first an alternative prediction method is proposed to account for kinematic state changes in the extension state prediction as well. Secondly, various update methods are investigated to account for the polar to Cartesian noise transformation problem. The filtering concepts are connected with the new MD-JIPDA and their characteristics analyzed with various Monte Carlo simulations.
In case an object can be modeled by a finite number of fixed Measurement Generating Points (MGP), also a proposition to track these object via a JIPDA filter is made. In this context, a fast Track-to-Track fusion algorithm is proposed as well and compared against the MGP-JIPDA.
The proposed algorithms are evaluated in two applications where scanning is done using radar sensors only. The first application is a typical automotive scenario, where a passenger car is equipped with six radar sensors to cover its complete environment.
In this application, the location of the measurements on an object can be considered stationary and that is has a rectangular shape. Thus, the MGP based algorithms are applied here. The filters are evaluated by tracking especially vehicles on nearside lanes.
The second application covers the tracking of vessels on inland waters. Here, two different kind of Radar systems are applied, but for both sensors a uniform distribution of the measurements over the target's extent can be assumed. Further, the assumption that the targets have elliptical shape holds, and so the Random Matrix Framework in combination with the MD-JIPDA is evaluated.
Exemplary test scenarios also illustrate the performance of this tracking algorithm.
Investigation of magnetic effects on austenitic stainless steels after low temperature carburization
(2018)
This work aims at investigating the magnetic effects of austenitc stainless steels which can occur after a low temperature carburisation depending on the alloy. Samples were prepared of different alloys and subjected to a multiple low temperature carburisation to obtain different treatment conditions for each alloy. The layer characterisation was carried out by light microscope and also by hardening profiles and shows that the layer develops with each additional treatment cycle. A lattice expansion could be detected in all treated samples by X-ray diffraction. Magnetisability was measured using Feritscope and SQUID measurements. Not all alloys showed magnetisability after treatment. In addition to MFM measurements, experiments with Ferrofluid were also used to visualize the magnetic areas. These studies show that only about half of the formed layer becomes magnetisable and has a domain-like structure.
Investigation of magnetic effects on austenitic stainless steels after low temperature carburization
(2018)
To get a better understanding of Cross Site Scripting vulnerabilities, we investigated 50 randomly selected CVE reports which are related to open source projects. The vulnerable and patched source code was manually reviewed to find out what kind of source code patterns were used. Source code pattern categories were found for sources, concatenations, sinks, html context and fixes. Our resulting categories are compared to categories from CWE. A source code sample which might have led developers to believe that the data was already sanitized is described in detail. For the different html context categories, the necessary Cross Site Scripting prevention mechanisms are described.
We investigated 50 randomly selected buffer overflow vulnerabilities in Firefox. The source code of these vulnerabilities and the corresponding patches were manually reviewed and patterns were identified. Our main contribution are taxonomies of errors, sinks and fixes seen from a developer's point of view. The results are compared to the CWE taxonomy with an emphasis on vulnerability details. Additionally, some ideas are presented on how the taxonomy could be used to improve the software security education.
The paper investigates an innovative actuator combination based on the magnetic shape memory technology. The actuator is composed of an electromagnet, which is activated to produce motion, and a magnetic shape memory element, which is used passively to yield multistability, i.e. the possibility of holding a position without input power. Based on the experimental open-loop frequency characterization of the actuator, a position controller is developed and tested in several experiments.
In einigen europäischen Nachbarländern herrschen weitaus schlechtere Voraussetzungen für die Binnen-schifffahrt als in Deutschland. Die wenigsten Länder verfügen über eine so effiziente Wasserstraße wie beispielsweise den Rhein. Dennoch forcieren nicht wenige die Verlagerung von Transporten von der Straße auf das Binnenschiff.
Der Bodensee und das in ihm gespeicherte Wasser dient vielen Zwecken: Neben seiner ökologischen Bedeutung für die Region ist er Trinkwasserquelle und Schifffahrtsweg, wird für Freizeit und Naherholung genutzt. Die Schifffahrt stellt eine der zentralen Attraktionen am Bodensee dar – sie zieht Tagesausflügler und Naherholungssuchende ebenso an wie Urlauber. Der Tourismus ist dabei eine der zentralen Einkommensquellen am Bodensee. Während der Niedrigwasserereignisse der letzten Jahre wurden jedoch die verschiedenen Schifffahrtstypen beeinträchtigt. Dies traf den Tourismus wie auch Berufspendler, Häfen, anliegende Gemeinden und den Gütertransport. Der Beitrag verdeutlicht die Bedeutung der Bodenseeschifffahrt und nennt einige Folgen der Niedrigwasserereignisse der letzten Jahre.
Schon die Römer nutzten die Binnenschifffahrt für den Transport ihrer Güter (SCHRöTER 2005). Noch heute stellt die Binnenschifffahrt auf dem Rhein einen wichtigen Standortfaktor dar, weshalb sich viele Unternehmen, die auf den Transport von Massengütern angewiesen sind, an seinen Ufern niedergelassen haben, um die Binnenschifffahrt als günstiges Transportmittel nutzen zu können (ROTHSTEIN et al. 2009, SCHOLTEN et al. 2009).
Im folgenden Artikel wird sowohl kurz die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Binnenschifffahrt auf dem Rhein angesprochen als auch deren rezente und zukünftige Entwicklung. Dabei werden auch die Auswirkungen niedriger Fahrrinnentiefen auf die Transportkapazität der Binnenschifffahrt betrachtet.