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In biomechanics laboratories the ground reaction force time histories of the foot-fall of persons are usually measured using a force plate. The accelerations of the floor, in which the force plate is embedded, have to be limited, as they may influence the accuracy of the force measurements. For the numerical simulation of vibrations induced by humans in biomechanical laboratories, loading scenarios are defined. They include continuous motions of persons (walking, running) as well as jumps, typical for biomechanical investigations on athletes. The modeling of floors has to take into account the influence of floor screed in case of portable force plates. Criteria for the assessment of the measuring error provoked by floor vibrations are given. As an example a floor designed to accommodate a force platform in a biomechanical laboratory of the University Hospital in Tübingen, Germany, has been investi-gated for footfall induced vibrations. The numerical simulation by a finite element analysis has been validated by field measurements. As a result, the measuring error of the force plate installed in the laboratory is obtained for diverse scenarios.
Konventionelle, von Dieselmotoren angetriebene Radlader beeinträchtigen die Lebensqualität der Menschen in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung mit Lärm- und Schadstoffemissionen. Das vom BMBF geförderte Forschungsvorhaben "Emissionsarmer Elektroradlader" verfolgt das Ziel, die lokalen Emissionen von Radladern deutlich herabzusetzen und die Effizienz des Fahrzeugs zu steigern. Im Rahmen des Vorhabens wurde ein konventioneller Radlader auf elektrische Antriebe umgerüstet. Als Energiespeicher dient eine LiFeYPO4-Batterie, die für eine Betriebsdauer von vier Stunden ausgelegt ist. In ersten praktischen Untersuchungen wurde die Energiebilanz des Emissionsarmen Elektro-Radladers mit der des konventionellen Serienfahrzeugs verglichen. Dazu wurde ein modifizierter Y-Arbeitszyklus entworfen, der sich an den üblichen Arbeitsaufgaben des Radladers orientiert und sich durch eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit auszeichnet. Für die vollständige Bewertung wird die komplette Kette der Energieumwandlung betrachtet, beginnend mit der Energie im Kraftstoff bzw. der dem Stromnetz entnommenen Energie, bis zur mechanischen Arbeit, die das Gerät verrichtet. Daraus lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf die unterschiedlichen CO2-Emissionen beider Fahrzeuge ableiten.
To evaluate the quality of a person's sleep it is essential to identify the sleep stages and their durations. Currently, the gold standard in terms of sleep analysis is overnight polysomnography (PSG), during which several techniques like EEG (eletroencephalogram), EOG (electrooculogram), EMG (electromyogram), ECG (electrocardiogram), SpO2 (blood oxygen saturation) and for example respiratory airflow and respiratory effort are recorded. These expensive and complex procedures, applied in sleep laboratories, are invasive and unfamiliar for the subjects and it is a reason why it might have an impact on the recorded data. These are the main reasons why low-cost home diagnostic systems are likely to be advantageous. Their aim is to reach a larger population by reducing the number of parameters recorded. Nowadays, many wearable devices promise to measure sleep quality using only the ECG and body-movement signals. This work presents an android application developed in order to proof the accuracy of an algorithm published in the sleep literature. The algorithm uses ECG and body movement recordings to estimate sleep stages. The pre-recorded signals fed into the algorithm have been taken from physionet1 online database. The obtained results have been compared with those of the standard method used in PSG. The mean agreement ratios between the sleep stages REM, Wake, NREM-1, NREM-2 and NREM-3 were 38.1%, 14%, 16%, 75% and 54.3%.
Technology-based ventures provide an important route for successful technology transfer [1], [2]. Their founders are supported in successful technology commercialization by innovation intermediaries [3]. Accordingly, the performance of an innovation system, at least to some extent, depends on the efficiency of these intermediaries in terms of the impact of their scarce resources on the survival and growth of technology-based ventures. To increase their efficiency, intermediaries typically optimize their "intake" by requesting a formal business plan to base their selection on as a hygiene factor [4]-[7]. Thus, some scholars argue that written business plans show significant distortion as being produced only to attract support from innovation intermediaries [6], [8]. Accordingly, they rarely serve for these addressees as a source of information for analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of ventures, in order to derive actionable conclusions and more effectively support ventures [9], [10]. Addressees search for different indicators in business plans for their evaluation [11]. The descriptions of these indicators only evince little empirical proof for the performance of technology-based venture's [8], [12]. This gap is herein addressed, in contrast to the lacking empirical insight, as the most frequently produced artifact of early-stage technology ventures is at the same time a written business plan [10], [13]. This paper addresses this gap by conceptualizing transaction relations described in the written business plan as a means for working around the inevitable inaccuracies and uncertainties that delimit the explanatory abilities [14] of the snapshot model [10] presented by a business plan. Using a qualitative content analysis, we derive from the descriptions of transaction relations in a written business plan valid indicators for the maturity of the venture's value-network in different dimensions [15]. To this extent, this paper presents the findings from a pre-study that was conducted based on a sample of forty business plans from an overall population of 800 business plans in a longitudinal sample from one of Europe's most active innovation systems, the regional State of Baden-Württemberg. Such findings may be used by innovation intermediaries to enhance their efficiency, by enabling these to not only derive individual support strategies for business acceleration but also to analyze the impact of support measures by reliably monitoring maturity progress in venture activities.
In this paper an approach towards databased fault diagnosis of linear electromagnetic actuators is presented. Time and time-frequency-domain methods were applied to extract fault related features from current and voltage measurements. The resulting features were transformed to enhance class separability using either Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Optimal Transformation. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction was performed employing a modified Fisher-ratio. Fault detection was carried out using a Support-Vector-Machine classifier trained with randomly selected data subsets. Results showed, that not only the used feature sets (time-domain/time-frequency-domain) are crucial for fault detection and classification, but also feature pre-processing. PCA transformed time-domain features allow fault detection and classification without misclassification, relying on current and voltage measurements making two sensors necessary to generate the data. Optimal transformed time-frequency-domain features allow a misclassification free result as well, but as they are calculated from current measurements only, a dedicated voltage sensor is not necessary. Using those features is a promising alternative even for detecting purely supply voltage related faults.
This work investigates soft input decoding for generalized concatenated (GC) codes. The GC codes are constructed from inner nested binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH)codes and outer Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. In order to enable soft input decoding for the inner BCH block codes, a sequential stack decoding algorithm is used. Ordinary stack decoding of binary block codes requires the complete trellis of the code.
In this work a representation of the block codes based on the trellises of supercodes is proposed in order to reduce the memory requirements for the representation of the BCH codes. Results for the decoding performance of the overall GC code are presented.
Furthermore, an efficient hardware implementation of the GC decoder is proposed.