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Institute
Der Schwerpunkt des Forschungssemesters war die Analyse der Transformationspfade der Dekarbonisierung der europäischen Schwerindustrie, insbesondere der Raffinerien, der Stahl-, Zementklinker- und Glasindustrie. Ein Forschungsantrag zum Thema „Global CCF Monitor“ wird Ende Oktober bei der DFG eingereicht werden. Ein Forschungsartikel, basierend auf einer Masterarbeit, befindet sich nach dem Pre-Print im Peer Review Prozess bei npj Climate Action. Zwei weitere Artikel sind im Pre-Print erschienen.
Climate change, a transnational issue, necessitates international collaboration for effective mitigation. Despite the progress achieved by the Paris Agreement of 2015, a significant milestone in global cooperation, its implementation remains a challenge for both the international community and individual countries. Because of the agreement's optional nature, there are significant differences in terms of the ambition and achievement levels among signatories. The European Union (EU) stands out because of its unique structure and common policies, yet there is a lack of empirical research into their impact on climate policy effectiveness. This paper aims to fill this gap by comparing the effectiveness of the implementation between EU and non-EU countries in terms of policy output, achieving climate targets and an economically sustainable transition. Quantitative regression models show no significant differences concerning policy output and the achievement of climate targets, while they demonstrate greater ambition and success in economically sustainable transition. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of effective climate policies, highlight the positive impact of EU leadership in this regard, and stress the importance of international cooperation.
Vortrag von Prof. Dr. Frank Best (HTWG Konstanz) mit einer Vorführung des Impro Theaters Konstanz im Rahmen des Konstanzer Wissenschaftsforums „Klima im Wandel – von Kipppunkten, Korallen und Klimakonferenzen“ am 11. und 12. November 2022.
Die Klimakrise fordert nicht nur Politik und Gesellschaft auf eine bisher nicht dagewesene Art und Weise heraus. Auch die Wissenschaft muss sich – über alle Disziplinen hinweg – drängenden Aufgaben und Fragen stellen.
In einer neuen interaktiven Ausgabe der beliebten Reihe „Konstanzer Wissenschaftsforum“ erklären Wissenschaftler*innen Zusammenhänge, beziehen Expert*innen Stellung und geben Praktiker*innen Einblicke in ihr Arbeitsumfeld rund um den Klimawandel.
Die Emission von Treibhausgasen verursachen externe Kosten in signifikanter Höhe, die ein Marktversagen im Bereich der Energiewirtschaft darstellen. Zudem darf nur eine gewisse Menge an THG emittiert werden, um das 1,5° Ziel der Übereinkommens von Paris einzuhalten. Dieses Restbudget soll möglichst effizient auf die Marktteilnehmer verteilt werden. Das Europäische Emissionshandelsystem versucht durch feste jährliche Obergrenzen (CAP) sowie Auktionen und Handel von Berechtigungen (Trade) die Klimaziele zu gewährleisten. Zudem soll der EU-ETS sozialverträglich gestaltet werden. Der Vortrag erklärt die Grundlagen und geht auf Vor- und Nachteile und Schwierigkeiten bei der Umsetzung ein.
In its “Fit for 55” program, the European Union (EU) integrates several instruments with the goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. One of the cornerstones of the program is the EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), which imposes a levy on CO2 and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thus internalizing external costs, restoring fair competition, incentivizing sustainable investment and efficiently distributing the remaining greenhouse gas budget through a cost-effective, market-oriented mechanism. This carbon pricing scheme, however, only affects companies which emit GHGs within the EU. Imported products thereby achieve a cost advantage over products produced within the scope of the EU-ETS, leading to competitive pressure on EU-ETS companies and the risk that they might move production facilities outside the scope of the EU-ETS (“carbon leakage”). In order to avoid carbon leakage and encourage cleaner industrial production in partner countries, the EU decided to introduce the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to put a fair price on carbon emissions from the manufacturing of products imported into the EU. The CBAM transitional phase will go into effect on October 1, 2023. Initially, it will only apply to selected industrial products and precursors whose production is particularly carbon intensive and which are deemed to have the highest potential risk of carbon leakage. Once the CBAM is fully active, all importing companies will have to declare the embedded emissions for their products and surrender the corresponding amount of CBAM certificates. It is to be expected that importing companies will strongly rely on their international suppliers to provide information on the embedded emissions. India is both an important trade partner of the EU and, because of its strong reliance on coal power plants, a heavy greenhouse gas emitter both in absolute and relative terms. Importers of products from India into the EU will therefore have to purchase a significant number of carbon allowances under the CBAM regulations. This paper explains the functional mechanism of the CBAM and identifies the product flows from India to the EU for the affected products. It describes the product groups, their importance for Indian companies as well as the future requirements, and is intended to support Indian companies that export to the European Union to prepare for the CBAM requirements both during the transition phase and once the system is fully active.
In order to avoid carbon leakage, the EU decided to introduce the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to put a fair price on embedded carbon emissions of products imported into the EU. Once the CBAM is operational, importing companies will have to declare the embedded emissions for their product and surrender the corresponding amount of CBAM certificates. Taiwan is an important trade partner of the EU, especially for electronic components, and also for base
metals like Iron & Steel or Aluminium. The industrial manufacturing for base metals yields high Scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions; additionally, power generation in Taiwan relies heavily on fossil fuels. This paper identifies the Iron & Steel product flows from Taiwan to the EU. It describes the CBAM
requirements and the potential impact on Taiwanese Iron & Steel exports, pointing out challenges and opportunities. It intends to support Taiwanese companies to prepare for CBAM rules both during the transition phase and once the system is fully active.
