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Leveraging differences
(2022)
Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions in cities like Bangkok or Shanghai have already reached emission levels of cities like London or Toronto. Large parts of the building stock and service infrastructure in cities in rapidly developing countries will be built in the coming decades—and may lock in high emissions pathways. A survey of projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol shows that only about 1% of projects have been submitted by municipalities, mostly in the waste management and more recently in the transport sector. This is probably due to a lack of technical know-how, legal barriers, methodological challenges, long project cycles and limited “visibility” of projects for the electorate. A case study of city network ICLEI’s experience with the CDM adds practical insights. We conclude that while the new market mechanisms under Article 6 may make it easier for municipalities to engage in international market mechanisms, new forms of cooperation between actors on multiple levels, potentially facilitated by ICLEI, are required to help to realize the urban potential in international market mechanisms.
The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB): an update that includes the years of the Trump presidency
(2021)
Discourse Ethics
(2021)
This paper presents the current state of development and selected technological challenges in the application of ecologically and economically sustainable nets for aquaculture based on ongoing development projects. These aim at the development of a new material system of high-strength stainless steel wires as net material with environmentally compatible antifouling properties for nearshore and offshore aquacultures. Current plastic netting materials will be replaced with high-strength stainless steel to provide a more environmentally friendly system that can withstand more severe mechanical stresses (waves, storms, tides and predators). A new antifouling strategy is expected to solve current challenges, such as ecological damage (e.g., due to pollution from copper-containing antifouling substances or microplastics), high maintenance costs (e.g., cleaning and repairs), and shorter service life. Approaches for the next development steps are presented based on previous experience as well as calculation models based on this experience.