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Input–Output modellers are often faced with the task of estimating missing Use tables at basic prices and also valuation matrices of the individual countries. This paper examines a selection of estimation methods applied to the European context where the analysts are not in possession of superior data. The estimation methods are restricted to the use of automated methods that would require more than just the row and column sums of the tables (as in projections) but less than a combination of various conflicting information (as in compilation). The results are assessed against the official Supply, Use and Input–Output tables of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Finland, Austria and Slovakia by using matrix difference metrics. The main conclusion is that using the structures of previous years usually performs better than any other approach.
Industrial growth and a rapidly growing world population have large impacts on the global environment and allocation of material resources. Most changes in the environment are brought about by human activities and these activities result in a flow of materials. The flows of resources from the natural environment to the economy are a prerequisite of production while flows of residuals from the economy to the environment are the consequence of production and consumption. A full understanding of these processes requires a complete description of the physical dimension of the economy and its interaction with the environment.