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The first part of this work shows the development and application of a new material system using high strength duplex stainless steel wires as net material with environmentally compatible antifouling properties for off-shore fish farm cages. Current net materials from textiles (polyamide) shall be partially replaced by high strength duplex stainless steel in order to have a more environmentally compatible system which meets the more severe mechanical loads (waves, storms, predatores (sharks, seals)). With a new antifouling strategy current issues like reduced ecological damage (e.g. due to copper disposal), lower maintenance costs (e.g. cleaning) and reduced durability shall be resolved.
High strength steel wires are also widely used in geological protection systems, for example rockfall protection or slope stabilisation. Normally hot-dip galvanised carbon steel is used in this case. But in highly corrosive environments like coastal areas, volcanic areas or mines for example, other solutions with a high corrosion resistance and sufficient mechanical properties are necessary. Protection systems made of high strength duplex stainless steel wires enable a significantly longer service life of the portection systems and therefore a higher level of security.
Martensitic stainless steels has a wide use, for example for blades, knifes or cutter. The best corrosion resistance of these materials is in hardened condition. For better mechanical properties a tempering is normally applied to increase the durability. The tempering is also reducing the hardness and finally the corrosion resistance. Austempering is meanly used at low alloyed steels and brings a good compromise between durability, hardness and corrosion resistance. For martensitic stainless steels, austempering is normally not a topic because of the very long tempering times.
This work shows first results of austempering of some standard martensitic stainless steels and the influence to corrosion resistance. For reference, hardened and also hardened and tempered specimens were investigated. The corrosions resistance was investigated by electrochemical methods.
Characterization of NiTi Shape Memory Damping Elements designed for Automotive Safety Systems
(2014)
Actuator elements made of NiTi shape memory material are more and more known in industry because of their unique properties. Due to the martensitic phase change, they can revert to their original shape by heating when subjected to an appropriate treatment. This thermal shape memory effect (SME) can show a significant shape change combined with a considerable force. Therefore such elements can be used to solve many technical tasks in the field of actuating elements and mechatronics and will play an increasing role in the next years, especially within the automotive technology, energy management, power, and mechanical engineering as well as medical technology. Beside this thermal SME, these materials also show a mechanical SME, characterized by a superelastic plateau with reversible elongations in the range of 8%. This behavior is based on the building of stress-induced martensite of loaded austenite material at constant temperature and facilitates a lot of applications especially in the medical field. Both SMEs are attended by energy dissipation during the martensitic phase change. This paper describes the first results obtained on different actuator and superelastic NiTi wires concerning their use as damping elements in automotive safety systems. In a first step, the damping behavior of small NiTi wires up to 0.5 mm diameter was examined at testing speeds varying between 0.1 and 50 mm/s upon an adapted tensile testing machine. In order to realize higher testing speeds, a drop impact testing machine was designed, which allows testing speeds up to 4000 mm/s. After introducing this new type of testing machine, the first results of vertical-shock tests of superelastic and electrically activated actuator wires are presented. The characterization of these high dynamic phase change parameters represents the basis for new applications for shape memory damping elements, especially in automotive safety systems.
Corrosion
(2016)
As a result of increasing needs and shrinking resources, aquaculture is gaining progressively significance in the recent years. Ecological issues such as negative effects on the ecological system due to the high fish density in the farms, the use of copper as antifouling strategy etc. are very present, particularly regarding the increasing number of fish going to be produced in farms in the future. Current trends focus on larger farms operated offshore. To make these farms working safe and economical, reliability has to be improved and maintenance costs need to be reduced. Also, alternatives with higher mechanical strength compared to current textile net materials as well as common metal wires might be necessary. In the last years, a new net system made of high strength duplex stainless steel wires with environmentally friendly antifouling properties suitable for offshore applications was developed. The first nets are operating for one year now as predator protection (i.e. seals) for fish farms and show a good performance in cleaning capability and predator protection. But in the real usage, some corrosion effects in the contact points of the net made of duplex stainless steel 1.4362 occur which were not observed in preliminary tests in laboratory and at different test sites around the world. These corrosion effects endanger the sustainable success of the net system. In this work, the observed corrosion effects are investigated. A laboratory test, which simulates the movement in the contact points of the net, was developed. Two pieces of wire are bent in the middle and get stucked into each other. One wire is fixed at both ends and the second wire is fixed on one end. On the other end, a circular movement with 1-2 rps and a 1 cm displacement is applied. The movement generates friction between the wires and the passive layer will be locally damaged. When the movement stops, a repassivation starts. The passivity breakdown and the repassivation were measured with electrochemical techniques. During the friction phase, when the surface will be activated, the open circuit potential breaks down. When the friction stops, the OCP increases. Between the movement phases, measurements of critical pitting potential were done. Thereby the quality of repassivation was investigated. The tests were done in a 3% sodium chloride solution. Different temperatures were tested as well as the influence of air saturation and low oxygen content.
Differences in the pitting resistance between cold worked CrNi and CrNiMnN metastable austenites
(2015)
Fachvortrag auf dem Kongress CORROSION 2015, 15-19 March, Dallas, Texas, USA. NACE International
Low temperature carburizing of a series of austenitic stainless with various combinations of chromium and nickel equivalents was performed. The investigation of the response towards low temperature carburized for three stainless steels with various Cr- and Ni-equivalents showed that the carbon uptake depends significantly on the chemical composition of the base material. The higher carbon content in the expanded austenite layer of specimen 6 (1.4565) and specimen 4 (1.4539/AISI 904L) compared to specimen 2 (1.4404/AISI 316L) is assumed to be mainly related to the difference in the specimens’ chromium content. More chromium leads to more lattice expansion. Along with the higher carbon content, higher hardness values and higher compressive residual stresses in the expanded austenite zone are introduced than for low temperature carburized AISI 316L. The residual stresses obtained from X-ray diffraction lattice strain investigation depend strongly on the chosen X-ray elastic constants. Presently, no values are known for carbon (or nitrogen) stabilized expanded austenite. Nevertheless, first principle elastic constants for γ′&minus Fe4C appear to provide realistic residual stress values. Magnetic force microscopy and measurement with an eddy current probe indicate that austenitic stainless steels can become ferromagnetic upon carburizing, similar for low temperature nitriding. The apparent transition from para- to ferromagnetism cannot be attributed entirely to the interstitially dissolved carbon content in the formed expanded austenite layer but appears to depend also on the metallic composition of the alloy, in particular the Ni content.
The electrochemical behavior for different surface conditions and different degrees of deformation of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 UNS S30400 were studied using critical pitting potential and electrochemical noise measurements. The influence on corrosion resistance by using different abrasives (silicon carbide and corundum) for surface finish by grinding is illustrated. For the characterization of local defects and surface topography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tactile measurements were used. An inverse correlation between occurrence of local defects on the surface and critical pitting potential was found by using image processing. Therefore, gray scale values of different surfaces were compared. The influence of mass content of α'-martensite on the corrosion resistance is shown by comparing different qualities of surface finish. For smooth machined surfaces it can be shown that an increasing numbers of strain induced martensite is decreasing the corrosion resistance lightly. For low abrasive machining an inverse correlation between the critical pitting potential and surface roughness is given. However, for higher abrasive machining parameters, this correlation could not be found.
In Ländern mit aridem Klima, z.B. in Dürregebieten, und nicht flächendeckender Energieversorgung stellt der Antrieb von Pumpen zur landwirtschaftlichen Bewässerung und zur Trinkwasserversorgung ein erhebliches Problem dar. Bisherige Bewässerungsanlagen arbeiten größtenteils mit Dieselgeneratoren, welche die Umwelt mit Emissionen belasten und zur Verstärkung des weltweiten Treibhauseffektes führen, oder über photovoltaisch betriebene Anlagen. Letztere sind in der Anschaffung sehr kostenintensiv und aufgrund ihrer Funktionsweise gegenüber Störeinwirkungen sehr anfällig. Gerade in den sogenannten Dritte-Welt-Ländern, in denen in der Regel kein geschultes Fachpersonal für Wartungsarbeiten bereitsteht, ist der Ausfall der Anlagen schon kurz nach der Inbetriebnahme eine häufig berichtete Tatsache. Im Werkstoffprüflabor der HTWG Konstanz wurde ein System zur energieautonomen Wasserförderung entwickelt, bei der zum Antrieb der Pumpen Formgedächtnislegierungen (FGL) verwendet werden [1, 2]. Bei Sonnenschein arbeitet diese geplante Bewässerungsanlage völlig energieautonom: Die Wärmeenergie der Sonne wird durch die FG-Drähte direkt in mechanische Energie umgewandelt und betreibt die Bewässerungspumpen. Die Vorteile dieses einfachen Prinzips liegen in der Bedienerfreundlichkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit der Anlage wie auch in der Fle-xibilität bezüglich weiterer Anwendungsfälle der modular einsetzbaren Wärmekraftmaschine in Industrie und Klimatechnik. Der angestrebte Einsatz von derartigen Anlagen würde zu einer entsprechenden Entlastung der immer stärker mit Emissionen belasteten Umwelt führen. Das überaus große Interesse an diesen Forschungsarbeiten sowie an einem Transfer der Bewässerungsanlage in die Industrie zeigte sich auch schon während früherer Teilnahmen an Messen, Tagungen und Konferenzen. Die Konkurrenzfähigkeit dieser sowohl neuartigen als auch sehr einfachen Systemlösung wurde, ausgehend von den damals zur Verfügung stehenden Ergebnissen, in einer bereits durchgeführten Studie nachgewiesen [2]. Im einzelnen sollten in diesem Projekt neben den anstehenden wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen zwei Versuchsanlagen konstruiert und gefertigt werden. Dadurch sollten die nötigen Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden, um diese innovative Erfindung zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zu einer transferfähigen Anlage fertig zu entwickeln. Diese beiden Prototypen bauen auf den bisherigen Arbeiten in diesem Projekt auf, die mit Erfolg gezeigt haben, daß das entwickelte Prinzip sehr gut funktioniert. Ziel dieses Projektes war es also, diese neuartige, innovative Wärmekraftmaschine weiterzuentwickeln, zu optimieren und die nötigen Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen, um diese Anlage nach Abschluß dieses aFuE-Projektes in Zusammenarbeit mit der beteiligten oder neu zu gründenden Firmen zur Serienreife zu bringen. Ein damit eng verbundenes, weiteres Ziel lag in der Entwicklung einer modular einsetzbaren Wärmekraftmaschine, die dann auch für die anderen nachfolgend genannten Anwendungsgebiete verwendet werden kann: • Meerwasserentsalzung • Klimatisierungstechnik • Antrieb der Pumpen bei geothermischer Wärmeeinbringung • Energierückgewinnung aus Wärmequellen (z.B. Geysire in Island) • Energierückgewinnung in industriellen Kühlwasserkreisläufen • Energierückgewinnung in der Verfahrenstechnik • Restwärmenutzung bei konventioneller Energieerzeugung.
Entwicklung einer neuartigen Prüfanlage zur Prüfung von Bauelementen aus Formgedächtnisteilen
(2004)
Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens, unterstützt durch das Förderprogramm des BMBF „Anwendungsorientierte Forschung und Entwicklung an Fachhochschulen“ (aFuE), soll eine voll automatisierte, universale Prüfanlage gebaut werden mit deren Hilfe es möglich ist, das Verhalten von Formgedächtnislegierungen (FGL) bei der Variation verschiedener Parameter zu ermitteln. Die Prüfanlage soll in erster Linie sehr genau die Phasenumwandlungstemperaturen der Formgedächtnislegierungen ermitteln, um damit einen tieferen Einblick in die metallkundlichen Hintergründe zu gewinnen. Aber es gibt auch weitere Anwendungen wie zum Beispiel das so genannte „Training“, indem man durch gezielte thermische und mechanische Belastungen den FGL verschiedene Formgedächtniseffekte trainiert. Ein weiteres Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist das Erstellen einer Prüfnorm für FGL die den gesamten Prüfablauf dokumentieren und ergänzen wird. Letztendlich soll die Prüfeinrichtung eine Plattform für die Weiterentwicklung der existierenden FG-Anwendungen sein, sowie die Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser Werkstoffe zu erweitern. Da es derzeit keine Normung für Bauteile aus FGL gibt, soll in den erfolgten Tests ein Vorschlag für eine FG-Normung gemacht werden. Förderkennziffer 17 092 02
Durch Beanspruchungen bei der Fertigung oder in der Anwendung können metastabile austenitische Stähle eine Phasenumwandlung von ?- Austenit zu ?‘-Martensit durchlaufen. Verbunden damit sind Eigenschaftsänderungen, welche sich signifikant auf das Werkstoffverhalten unter mechanischer, tribologischer oder korrosiver Belastung auswirken können.
Um möglichen negativen Auswirkungen wie ungewollte Magnetisierbarkeit oder Beeinflussung von Fertigungsparameter sowie Korrosionseigenschaften zu unterbinden muss die martensitische Phase zunächst erfasst und quantifiziert werden.
Für diese Aufgabe stehen neben den bekannten und kostenintensiven Verfahren wie EBSD und XRD für die praxisnahe Anwendung das magneto-induktive Messverfahren und verschiedene Ätzmethoden zur Verfügung.
Anhand von Applikationen aus Anwendung, Fertigung und Forschung werden die Wirkweisen, Vorteile und Grenzen verschiedener Ätzverfahren und dem magneto-induktiv messenden FERITSCOPE® MP30 aufgezeigt. Ebenso werden ergänzende Methoden bzw. Techniken zur Validation der Verfahren diskutiert und erläutert.
Ziel dieses Projektes war die Entwicklung eines Linearantriebes mittels Formge-dächtnislegierungen (FGL) zur Knochenverlängerung und Defektüberbrückung ent-sprechend der Methode nach Betz und Baumgart. Der zu entwickelnde Linearantrieb sollte im Idealfall folgende Eigenschaften aufweisen: • mechanisch einfach aufgebaut • leicht zu miniaturisieren • großer Arbeitsweg • variable Positionierung • hohe Leistung • kostengünstig Zur Entwicklung eines derartigen FG-Marknagels sollten die folgenden Teilprobleme gelöst werden: • Auswahl einer geeigneten FGL zur Realisierung der benötigten Kräfte innerhalb der möglichen Temperaturdifferenz • Auswahl der Heizspirale und Messung der Aufheiztemperaturen an der Marknagel-oberfläche • Ausarbeiten der konstruktiven Lösung hinsichtlich der ermittelten Werte bezüglich des Verhältnisses Kraft/Weg • Werkstoffauswahl hinsichtlich der Implantierbarkeit, der Schweißbarkeit mit Laser und der Aufheizung • Mechanische Sicherung (Arretiermechanismus) bei Belastung der Extremität durch den Patienten und Entwicklung eines Rückstellmechanismus • Verbindungstechnik der Komponenten • Erprobung der entwickelten Prototypen in Labortests
Formgedächtnislegierungen
(2018)
Formgedächtnislegierungen sind »Legierungen, die nach geeigneter Behandlung aufgrund einer martensitischen Umwandlung ihre Gestalt in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur ändern«. Derartige Materialien werden in den nächsten Jahrzehnten eine wachsende Rolle in der Technik spielen. Um die Eigenschaften dieser Werkstoffe optimal nutzen zu können, ist es wichtig, den Einfluss des Herstellungs- und Verarbeitungsprozesses auf ihre Anwendung zu kennen.
Das Buch behandelt die metallkundlichen Hintergründe und die Verwendungsmöglichkeiten der Formgedächtnislegierungen in verständlicher, auf den Anwender zugeschnittener Weise.
The project aims for the development of a new material system from high tensile stainless steel wires as net material with environmentally compatible antifouling properties for off-shore fish farm cages. Therefore, current net materials from textiles (polyamide) shall be partially replaced by high strength stainless steel in order to have a more environmentally compatible system which meets the more severe mechanical loads (waves, storms, predators (sharks)). With a new antifouling strategy current issues like reduced ecological damage (e.g. due to copper disposal), lower maintenance costs (e.g. cleaning) and reduced durability shall be resolved.
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) allows the production of complex components geometry. Generally, a high quality of the components is achieved due to the well managed composition of the metal powder and the non-isotropic properties. If a duplex stainless steel is produced, a heat treatment after the HIP-process is necessary to remove precipitations like carbides, nitrides and intermetallic phases. In a new process, the sintering step should be combined with the heat treatment. In this case a high cooling rate is necessary to avoid precipitations in duplex stainless steels. In this work, the influence of the HIP-temperature and the wall thickness on corrosion resistance, microstructure and impact strength were investigated. The results should help to optimize the process parameters like temperature and cooling rate. For the investigation, two HIP-temperatures were tested in a classical HIP-process step with a defined cooling rate. An additional heat treatment was not conducted. The specimens were cut from different sectors of the HIP-block. For investigation of the corrosion resistance, the critical pitting temperature was determined with electrochemical method according to EN ISO 17864. An impact test was used to determine the impact transition temperature. Metallographic investigations show the microstructure in the different sectors of the HIP-block.
Improving the tribological properties of Stainless Steels by low-temperature surface hardening
(2022)
Mechanical properties after stretching testings were calcu-lated and experimentally determined via Tempcore method for bar core, bar surface and whole bar cross section. It was displayed on the base of experiments and imitating simulation that deformation in core and surface areas of a bar are equal and therefore influence of structural parameters in the core area is principally decisive for initiating of neck forming in the surface area. The results showed that resistance to destruction of martensite surface layer has rather less effect on bar properties in general in comparison with previous investigations. It is concluded that improvement of core structure quality can help to lower brittleness of the whole bar. It was also proved that used techniques provide good concordance between the obtained results and experimental data. Therefore, the additivity rule for structural components can be used successfully for determination of whole bar parameters, taking into account thickness of surface layer that can be measured easily using hardness sensor. It will simplify practically quality control of products.
This paper compares the surface morphology of differently finished austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L, also in combination with low temperature carburization. Milled and tumbled surfaces were analyzed by means of corrosion resistance and surface morphology. The results of potentiodynamic measurements show that professional grinding operations with SiC and Al2O3 always lead to a better corrosion resistance of low temperature carburized surfaces compared to the untreated reference in the used acidified chloride solution. Big influence on the corrosion resistance of vibratory ground or tumbled surfaces has the amount of plastic deformation while machining, that has to be kept low for austenitic stainless steels. Due to the high ductility, plastic deformation can lead to the formation of meta stable pits that can be initiation points of corrosion. The formation of meta stable pits can be aggravated by low temperature diffusion processes.
The corrosion resistance of stainless steels is massively influenced by the condition of their surface. The surface quality includes the topography of the surface, the structure and composition of the passive layer, and the surface near structure of the base material. These factors are influenced by final physical/chemical surface treatments. The presented work shows significantly lower corrosion resistance for mechanical machined specimens than for etched specimens. It also turns out that the rougher the surface, the lower the corrosion resistance gets. However, there is no general finding which shows if blasted or grinded surfaces are more appropriate, but a dependency on process parameters and the characteristics on corrosive exposure in terms of corrosion behavior. The results show that not only the surface roughness Ra has an influence on corrosion behavior but also the shape of peaks and valleys which are evolved by surface treatments. Imperfections in the base material, like sulfidic inclusions lead to a weaker passive layer, respectively, to a decrease of the corrosion resistance. By using special passivating techniques the corrosion resistance of stainless steels can be increased to a higher level in comparison to common passivation.
Thermal shape memory alloys show extraordinary material properties and can be used as actuators, dampers and sensors. Since their discovery in the middle of the last century they have been investigated and further developed. The majority of the industrial applications with the highest material sales can still be found in the medical industry, where they are used due to their superelastic and thermal shape memory effect, e.g. as stents or as guidewires and tools in the minimal invasive surgery. Particularly in recent years, more and more applications have been developed for other industrial fields, e.g. for the household goods, civil engineering and automotive sector. In this context it is worth mentioning that for the latter sector, million seller series applications have found their way into some European automobile manufacturers. The German VDI guideline for shape memory alloys introduced in 2017 will give the material a further boost in application. Last but not least the new production technologies of additive manufacturing with metal laser sintering plants open up additional applications for these multifunctional materials. This paper gives an overview of the extraordinary material properties of shape memory components, shows examples of different applications and discusses European trends against the background of the most recent standard and new production technologies.
Ferromagnetism is of increasing importance in the growing field of electromobility and data storage. In stable austenitic steels, the occurrence of ferromagnetism is not expected and would also interfere with many applications. However, ferromagnetism in austenitic stainless steels after low-temperature nitriding has already been shown in the past. Herein, the presence of ferromagnetism in austenitic steels is discovered after low-temperature carburization (Kolsterizing), which represents a novel and unique finding. A zone of expanded austenite is established on various austenitic stainless steels by low-temperature carburization and the respective ferromagnetism is investigated in relation to the alloy composition. The ferromagnetism occurring is determined by means of a commercial magnetoinductive sensor (Feritscope). Ferromagnetic domains are visualized by magnetic force microscopy and a ferrofluid. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a clear difference in the lattice expansion of the different alloys. Furthermore, a different appearance of the magnetizable microstructure regions (magnetic domain structure) is detected depending on the grain orientation determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Strongly pronounced magnetic domains show no linear lattice defects, whereas in small magnetizable areas linear lattice defects are detected by electron channeling contrast imaging and EBSD.
Investigation of magnetic effects on austenitic stainless steels after low temperature carburization
(2018)
This work aims at investigating the magnetic effects of austenitc stainless steels which can occur after a low temperature carburisation depending on the alloy. Samples were prepared of different alloys and subjected to a multiple low temperature carburisation to obtain different treatment conditions for each alloy. The layer characterisation was carried out by light microscope and also by hardening profiles and shows that the layer develops with each additional treatment cycle. A lattice expansion could be detected in all treated samples by X-ray diffraction. Magnetisability was measured using Feritscope and SQUID measurements. Not all alloys showed magnetisability after treatment. In addition to MFM measurements, experiments with Ferrofluid were also used to visualize the magnetic areas. These studies show that only about half of the formed layer becomes magnetisable and has a domain-like structure.
In automotive a lot of electromagnetically, pyrotechnically or mechanically driven actuators are integrated to run comfort systems and to control safety systems in modern passenger cars. Using shape memory alloys (SMA) the existing systems could be simplified, performing the same function through new mechanisms with reduced size, weight, and costs. A drawback for the use of SMA in safety systems is the lack of materials knowledge concerning the durability of the switching function (long-time stability of the shape memory effect). Pedestrian safety systems play a significant role to reduce injuries and fatal casualties caused by accidents. One automotive safety system for pedestrian protection is the bonnet lifting system. Based on such an application, this article gives an introduction to existing bonnet lifting systems for pedestrian protection, describes the use of quick changing shape memory actuators and the results of the study concerning the long-time stability of the tested NiTi-wires. These wires were trained, exposed up to 4years at elevated temperatures (up to 140°C) and tested regarding their phase change temperatures, times, and strokes. For example, it was found that A P-temperature is shifted toward higher temperatures with longer exposing periods and higher temperatures. However, in the functional testing plant a delay in the switching time could not be detected. This article gives some answers concerning the long-time stability of NiTi-wires that were missing till now. With this knowledge, the number of future automotive applications using SMA can be increased. It can be concluded, that the use of quick changing shape memory actuators in safety systems could simplify the mechanism, reduce maintenance and manufacturing costs and should be insertable also for other automotive applications.
Thermochemical surface hardening is used to overcome the weak mechanical performance of austenitic and duplex stainless steels. Both low-temperature carburizing and nitrocarburizing can improve the hardness, wear, galling, and cavitation resistance, while maintaining their good corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to not form chromium-rich precipitates during hardening as these can deteriorate the passivity of the alloy. The hardening parameters, the chemical composition of the steel, and the manufacturing route of a component determine whether precipitates are formed. This article gives an overview of suitable alloys for low-temperature surface hardening and the performance under corrosive loading.
Magnetic effects on austenitic stainless steels, formed during a low temperature carburizing depending on the alloy composition are discussed in this paper. Samples of different austenitic stainless steel alloys have been subjected to a multiple low-temperature carburization. Layer characteriszation with light microscope and hardness profiles show a growth of the layer thickness. The formation of an expanded austenite layer (lattice expansion) could be detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Feritscope was used to determine the magnetizability, whereby not all austenitic alloys form a magnetizability after treatment. Furthermore, test procedures were developed to visualize the magnetizability. For this purpose, magnetic force microscope measurements and investigations with ferrofluid were carried out and a fir tree ferromagnetic layer strucure could be proven.
This paper presents the current state of development and selected technological challenges in the application of ecologically and economically sustainable nets for aquaculture based on ongoing development projects. These aim at the development of a new material system of high-strength stainless steel wires as net material with environmentally compatible antifouling properties for nearshore and offshore aquacultures. Current plastic netting materials will be replaced with high-strength stainless steel to provide a more environmentally friendly system that can withstand more severe mechanical stresses (waves, storms, tides and predators). A new antifouling strategy is expected to solve current challenges, such as ecological damage (e.g., due to pollution from copper-containing antifouling substances or microplastics), high maintenance costs (e.g., cleaning and repairs), and shorter service life. Approaches for the next development steps are presented based on previous experience as well as calculation models based on this experience.
Pitting susceptibility of metastable austenitic stainless steels as a function of surface conditions
(2019)
The influence of surface roughness and local defects on pitting susceptibility of type 304 (UNS S30400) and type 301 (UNS S30100) in chloride solution were investigated. Because the mechanical properties can be regarded as decisive for the achieved surface quality, different properties of the base material were obtained by cold rolling the metastable austenites. This was done before the surfaces were finished. Therefor the surfaces were treated by different grinding parameters to generate different surface conditions and different defects. As a reference, different standardised surface finishes were used.
By using and comparing different methods for the characterization of surface roughness and surface texture, it is possible to find a relationship between the quantity and characteristics of local defects on the one hand and pitting susceptibility on the other hand. For the machining parameters used, a ranking of the influencing factors on the corrosion resistance achieved could be determined.
The automated application of software-based solutions for estimating the pitting susceptibility of machined surfaces and components will be discussed using concrete examples.
In the automotive industry a strong effort has been undertaken to reduce the weight of modern vehicles. In order to reduce the energy consumption and to improve the environmental sustainability, the importance of weight reduction activities is even growing faster. As lightweight designing is becoming more and more expensive and show less potential savings, new approaches are needed. One promising technology could be the use of shape memory elements. In the last years a lot of potential application possibilities were presented, demonstrating the benefit of these functional elements in automotive design solutions: they often reduce complexity, weight and design space of an actuation device and enable new functions. In addition they work silently and are therefore ideally suitable for comfort applications in the passenger cabin. Because of the current trend to electric vehicle the hitherto existing drawback of a high electrical energy consumption of shape memory actuators in some design proposals is not given any more.
Rostfreie Stähle
(2016)
Das Buch gibt einen Überblick über die metallkundlichen Grundlagen auf dem Gebiet der nichtrostenden Stähle und über das Einsatzverhalten dieser Werkstoffe. Es werden die notwendigen Hinweise für den Konstrukteur und den Verarbeiter von nichtrostenden Stählen gegeben. Einen Schwerpunkt stellt hierbei das Korrosionsverhalten dieser Werkstoffe dar.
Schlussbericht Verbundprojekt "Verfahren zur Schwermetallelimination in sauren Beizabwässern"
(2003)
Im Vorhaben zur "Schwermetallelimination aus sauren Beizabwässern" sollen zwei 2-stufige Laborreaktoren aufgebaut und betrieben werden, um in diesem Maßstab, die zur Reinigung der Abwässer notwendigen mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und biophysikalischen Prozesse zu optimieren. Schadstoffabbau, Schwermetallausfällung und Biosorption wurden in einem Durchflusssystem so aufeinander abgestimmt, daß bei minimaler Verweilzeit die mikrobiellen Umsetzungen von Nitrat zu molekularem Stickstoff (Denitrifikation) und von Sulfat zu Sulfid (Sulfatreduktion) ablaufen und dabei die Schwermetalle als Hydroxide, Carbonate oder Sulfide effizient ausgefällt werden. Dabei muß außerdem die Versorgung der Mikroorganismen durch eine eigene Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle gewährleistet sein. Die auf der Laborreaktorebene gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollten dann in den Technikumsmaßstab (100 1) übertragen werden. Nach der Erprobung dieser Anlage im Dauerbetrieb und Ausweitung der gewonnenen Erfährungen sollte eine industrielle Anlage (300 1) konzipiert werden. Als erstes Ziel war ein Nitratabbau von 3500 mg NO3/l d angestrebt, während als weitergehendes Ziel eine flexible Strategie zur Prozeßführung bei variierenden Konzentrationen der Abwasserinhaltsstoffe unter Einhaltung der durch den Rahmen-Abwasser-VwV Anhang 40 vorgeschriebenen Einleitungsgrenzwerte ermittelt werden sollte