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Observer-based self sensing for digital (on–off) single-coil solenoid valves is investigated. Self sensing refers to the case where merely the driving signals used to energize the actuator (voltage and coil current) are available to obtain estimates of both the position and velocity. A novel observer approach for estimating the position and velocity from the driving signals is presented, where the dynamics of the mechanical subsystem can be neglected in the model. Both the effect of eddy currents and saturation effects are taken into account in the observer model. Practical experimental results are shown and the new method is compared with a full-order sliding mode observer.
We present an approach to reduce the complexity of adjusting privacy preferences for multiple online social networks. To achieve this, we quantify the effect on privacy for choices that users make, and simplify configuration by introducing privacy configuration as a service. We present an algorithm that effectively measures privacy and adjusts privacy settings across social networks. The aim is to configure privacy with one click.
The electrochemical behavior for different surface conditions and different degrees of deformation of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 UNS S30400 were studied using critical pitting potential and electrochemical noise measurements. The influence on corrosion resistance by using different abrasives (silicon carbide and corundum) for surface finish by grinding is illustrated. For the characterization of local defects and surface topography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tactile measurements were used. An inverse correlation between occurrence of local defects on the surface and critical pitting potential was found by using image processing. Therefore, gray scale values of different surfaces were compared. The influence of mass content of α'-martensite on the corrosion resistance is shown by comparing different qualities of surface finish. For smooth machined surfaces it can be shown that an increasing numbers of strain induced martensite is decreasing the corrosion resistance lightly. For low abrasive machining an inverse correlation between the critical pitting potential and surface roughness is given. However, for higher abrasive machining parameters, this correlation could not be found.
Organizations deploy a plethora of information technology (IT) systems. Various types of enterprise systems (ES) may coexist with the shadow IT systems (SITS) implemented by individual business units without the involvement of the IT department. The associated redundancy of SITS and ES suggests their integration. After integration, however, organization may find it challenging to retain the flexibility and innovation that the development of SITS offers the business. In this study, we conduct a literature review on IT systems integration. This review and the specific characteristics of SITS then serve to define SITS integration, derive guidelines for the integration decision, the phases preceding and following integration, and the integration process itself. SITS and ES integration can profit from existing knowledge of integration benefits, costs, and of the available technologies. Our study offers IT decision makers an insight into the specifics of SITS integration, and provides a basis for future SITS research.
Shadow information technology systems (SITS) coexist with formal enterprise systems in organisations. SITS pose risks but also increase flexibility of business units. Practice shows that SITS emerge, despite that Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) aims at controling all IT systems in an organization. Studies acknowledge this problem in general. However, they neither show the specific influencing areas of SITS nor provide approaches to address them. To close this gap, we use a literature review to analyse examples of practical SITS and their interference with EAM concerns. Thus, we find that they hinder especially transparency, reduction of EA complexity and governance. Research has focused on achieving transparency, governing the evolution of the EA but lacks strategies for reducing complexity. This study contributes to research and practice by uncovering the main influencing areas of SITS on EAM, as well as by laying a foundation for future research on this topic.
LEGIC Identsystems Ltd
(2017)