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Healthy and good sleep is a prerequisite for a rested mind and body. Both form the basis for physical and mental health. Healthy sleep is hindered by sleep disorders, the medically diagnosed frequency of which increases sharply from the age of 40. This chapter describes the formal specification of an on-course practical implementation for a non-invasive system based on biomedical signal processing to support the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-related diseases. The system aims to continuously monitor vital data during sleep in a patient’s home environment over long periods by using non-invasive technologies. At the center of the development is the MORPHEUS Box (MoBo), which consists of five main conceptualizations: the MoBo core, the MoBo-HW, the MoBo algorithm, the MoBo API, and the MoBo app. These synergistic elements aim to support the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-related diseases. Although there are related developments in individual aspects concerning the system, no comparative approach is known that gives a similar scope of functionality, deployment flexibility, extensibility, or the possibility to use multiple user groups. With the specification provided in this chapter, the MORPHEUS project sets a good platform, data model, and transmission strategies to bring an innovative proposal to measure sleep quality and detect sleep diseases from non-invasive sensors.
The perception of the amount of stress is subjective to every person, and the perception of it changes depending on many factors. One of the factors that has an impact on perceived stress is the emotional state. In this work, we compare the emotional state of 40 German driving students and present different partitions that can be advantageous for using artificial intelligence and classification. Like this, we evaluate the data quality and prepare for the specific use. The Stress Perceived Questionnaire (PSQ20) was employed to assess the level of stress experienced by individuals while participating in a driving simulation for 5 and 25 min. As a result of our analysis, we present a categorisation of various emotional states into intervals, comparing different classifications and facilitating a more straightforward implementation of artificial intelligence for classification purposes.
Evaluation of a Contactless Accelerometer Sensor System for Heart Rate Monitoring During Sleep
(2024)
The monitoring of a patient's heart rate (HR) is critical in the diagnosis of diseases. In the detection of sleep disorders, it also plays an important role. Several techniques have been proposed, including using sensors to record physiological signals that are automatically examined and analysed. This work aims to evaluate using a contactless HR monitoring system based on an accelerometer sensor during sleep. For this purpose, the oscillations caused by chest movements during heart contractions are recorded by an installation mounted under the bed mattress. The processing algorithm presented in this paper filters the signals and determines the HR. As a result, an average error of about 5 bpm has been documented, i.e., the system can be considered to be used for the forecasted domain.
Juristische Arbeitsmethodik
(2024)
Die vorliegende Abhandlung stellt die Grundlagen der juristischen Arbeitsmethodik vor. Nach einer Einführung zu den juristischen Tätigkeiten und wichtigen (vornehmlich privatrechtlichen) Rechtsgebieten wird die juristische Arbeitsmethodik dargestellt. Im Einzelnen geht es um die Arbeitsschritte, den Aufbau eines juristischen Gutachtens und die Anspruchsprüfung. Zielgruppen sind in erster Linie Studierende von Universitäten, Fachhochschulen, Berufsakademien und anderen Bildungseinrichtungen.
This paper introduces the third update/release of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB-R3). The GSDB-R3 extends the period of coverage from 1950–2019 to 1950–2022, which includes two special periods—COVID-19 and the new sanctions against Russia. This update of the GSDB contains a total of 1325 cases. In response to multiple inquiries and requests, the GSDB-R3 has been amended with a new variable that distinguishes between unilateral and multilateral sanctions. As before, the GSDB comes in two versions, case-specific and dyadic, which are freely available upon request at GSDB@drexel.edu. To highlight one of the new features of the GSDB, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of unilateral and multilateral sanctions on trade. We also obtain estimates of the effects on trade of the 2014 sanctions on Russia.
Der Bericht dokumentiert die Aktivitäten, die ich während des Wintersemesters 2023/24 im Rahmen meines Fortbildungssemesters durchgeführt habe. Der Forschungsschwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Umsetzung eines gemeinschaftlichen Projekts zur Bewertung mündlicher Prüfungen. Zusätzlich erfolgten Aufenthalte zur Förderung der internationalen Kooperationen an Partnerhochschulen.
We quantify the effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 countries over the period 1980–2016, we find that the average partial equilibrium impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member countries is large, positive, and significant. We contribute to the literature by estimating country-specific estimates and find them to vary widely across the countries in our sample with poorer members benefitting more. Using these estimates, we simulate the general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO on welfare, which are sizable and heterogeneous across members. We show that countries not experiencing positive trade effects from joining GATT/WTO can still gain in terms of welfare, due to lower import prices and higher export demand.
Research Report
(2024)
AbstractSanctions encompass a wide set of policy instruments restricting cross‐border economic activities. In this paper, we study how different types of sanctions affect the export behavior of firms to the targeted countries. We combine Danish register data, including information on firm‐destination‐specific exports, with information on sanctions imposed by Denmark from the Global Sanctions Database. Our data allow us to study firms' export behavior in 62 sanctioned countries, amounting to a total of 453 country‐years with sanctions over the period 2000–2015. Methodologically, we apply a two‐stage estimation strategy to properly account for multilateral resistance terms. We find that, on average, sanctions lead to a significant reduction in firms' destination‐specific exports and a significant increase in firms' probability to exit the destination. Next, we study heterogeneity in the effects of sanctions across (i) sanction types and sanction packages, (ii) the objectives of sanctions, and (iii) countries subject to sanctions. Results confirm that the effects of sanctions on firms' export behavior vary considerably across these three dimensions.
Diese Masterarbeit erforscht das Potenzial großer Sprachmodelle in der Bauindustrie mit einem Fokus auf digitale Transformation, Effizienzsteigerung und Nachhaltigkeit. Durch eine umfassende Literaturanalyse und qualitative Experteninterviews werden spezifische Anwendungsfälle, Herausforderungen bei der Implementierung und ethische sowie datenschutzrechtliche Überlegungen untersucht.
Die Arbeit hebt hervor, wie große Sprachmodelle die Planungsprozesse optimieren, das Risikomanagement verbessern und maßgeschneiderte Lösungen entwickeln können, um ökonomische und ökologische Vorteile zu erzielen. Zudem werden praxisorientierte Empfehlungen für eine erfolgreiche Integration dieser Technik in das Bauwesen präsentiert, die sowohl die technologische Machbarkeit als auch soziale Akzeptanz berücksichtigen.
Abschließend werden zukünftige Forschungsrichtungen aufgezeigt, die darauf abzielen, die digitale Transformation im Bauwesen unter Einbeziehung ethischer Standards und Datenschutz zu beschleunigen.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit demonstrieren das Potenzial von großen Sprachmodellen, traditionelle Bauprozesse zu revolutionieren, und betonen die Notwendigkeit einer sorgfältigen Implementierung, um die Vorteile dieser Technologie vollständig auszuschöpfen.
Das Freistellungssemester 2020 wurde für Recherchen zu unterschiedlichen Aufmaßsystemen in der historischen Bauforschung genutzt. Durch die Covid-19-Pandemie entwickelte sich das Arbeitsprogramm jedoch anders als geplant und verlagerte sich weitgehend in den virtuellen Raum. In der Disziplin der historischen Bauforschung entstand gerade durch die zeitweise Unmöglichkeit des Reisens und der Präsenzlehre ein intensiver Austausch zur Methodik in zahlreichen Onlinekonferenzen.
Die folgende Masterarbeit gibt eine Übersicht zu modernen AR-Technologien für den Einsatz in der Lehre mit dem Ziel eine geeignete Software zu identifizieren, die eine AR-Anwendungserstellung sowie die Integration dieser in das Vorlesungsgeschehen der HTWG ermöglicht. Diese Arbeit baut auf einer Literaturrecherche auf, welche den gegenwärtigen Einsatz von AR in der Lehrpraxis analysiert. Es wird der aktuelle Stand der Entwicklung in Bezug auf verschiedenste Hard- und Softwarelösungen dargestellt, einschließlich der Funktionsweise von AR-Anwendungen sowie relevanter Systemkomponenten. Anschließend werden sowohl der Einsatz von Augmented Reality im Bildungsbereich betrachtet als auch andere Sektoren wie Medizin und Industrie einbezogen, um eine umfassende Übersicht zu Fallstudien sowie Praxisbeispielen zu gewährleisten. Der Auswahlprozess der Software wird ebenfalls thematisiert und eine Anleitung zur Benutzung des gewählten Tools, Vuforia Studio, wird dargeboten.
Die Analyse ergab, dass AR-Anwendungen es den Schülern und Studierenden ermöglichen, aktiv am Unterricht bzw. den Vorlesungen teilzunehmen und Inhalte interaktiv zu erkunden, was das Interesse am Lehrinhalt steigert sowie eigenständiges Lernen fördert. Dem Einsatz von AR in der Lehre stehen jedoch Herausforderungen gegenüber. Insbesondere eine pädagogisch angemessene AR-Inhaltserstellung erweist sich als schwierig. Sowohl die Anfertigung
eines 3D-Modells als auch das Arbeiten mit Programmen wie Vuforia Studio selbst stellen sich als zeitintensiv und technologisch anspruchsvoll heraus. Von Seiten der Bildungseinrichtung müssen finanzielle Mittel bereitgestellt werden, denn ohne entsprechende Schulungen und Ressourcen wird auch die Bereitschaft der Lehrenden, sich mit neuen Technologien auseinanderzusetzen, nicht ausreichend sein, um hochwertige AR-Inhalte zu konzipieren. Obwohl die
technologische Infrastruktur zwar deutlich besser ausgebaut ist als noch vor einigen Jahren, vor allem, weil flächendeckendes Internet zur Verfügung steht und die Lernenden zum Großteil eigene Smartgeräte besitzen, ist eine kontinuierliche Investition in Hard- und Software sowie das Pflegen der gesammelten Daten und genutzten Server unerlässlich.
Insgesamt bietet der Einsatz von Augmented Reality in der Lehre vielversprechende Möglichkeiten, um das Lernerlebnis zu verbessern und die Bildungsergebnisse zu optimieren, jedoch müssen die genannten Herausforderungen überwunden werden, um das gesamte Potenzial von Augmented Reality Technologien in der Lehre auszuschöpfen.
Apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by breathing interruptions during sleep, impacting cardiorespiratory function and overall health. Traditional diagnostic methods, like polysomnography (PSG), are unobtrusive, leading to noninvasive monitoring. This study aims to develop and validate a novel sleep monitoring system using noninvasive sensor technology to estimate cardiorespiratory parameters and detect sleep apnea. We designed a seamless monitoring system integrating noncontact force-sensitive resistor sensors to collect ballistocardiogram signals associated with cardiorespiratory activity. We enhanced the sensor’s sensitivity and reduced the noise by designing a new concept of edge-measuring sensor using a hemisphere dome and mechanical hanger to distribute the force and mechanically amplify the micromovement caused by cardiac and respiration activities. In total, we deployed three edge-measuring sensors, two deployed under the thoracic and one under the abdominal regions. The system is supported with onboard signal preprocessing in multiple physical layers deployed under the mattress. We collected the data in four sleeping positions from 16 subjects and analyzed them using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to avoid frequency mixing. We also developed an adaptive thresholding method to identify sleep apnea. The error was reduced to 3.98 and 1.43 beats/min (BPM) in heart rate (HR) and respiration estimation, respectively. The apnea was detected with an accuracy of 87%. We optimized the system such that only one edge-measuring sensor can measure the cardiorespiratory parameters. Such a reduction in the complexity and simplification of the instruction of use shows excellent potential for in-home and continuous monitoring.
Incremental one-class learning using regularized null-space training for industrial defect detection
(2024)
One-class incremental learning is a special case of class-incremental learning, where only a single novel class is incrementally added to an existing classifier instead of multiple classes. This case is relevant in industrial defect detection scenarios, where novel defects usually appear during operation. Existing rolled-out classifiers must be updated incrementally in this scenario with only a few novel examples. In addition, it is often required that the base classifier must not be altered due to approval and warranty restrictions. While simple finetuning often gives the best performance across old and new classes, it comes with the drawback of potentially losing performance on the base classes (catastrophic forgetting [1]). Simple prototype approaches [2] work without changing existing weights and perform very well when the classes are well separated but fail dramatically when not. In theory, null-space training (NSCL) [3] should retain the basis classifier entirely, as parameter updates are restricted to the null space of the network with respect to existing classes. However, as we show, this technique promotes overfitting in the case of one-class incremental learning. In our experiments, we found that unconstrained weight growth in null space is the underlying issue, leading us to propose a regularization term (R-NSCL) that penalizes the magnitude of amplification. The regularization term is added to the standard classification loss and stabilizes null-space training in the one-class scenario by counteracting overfitting. We test the method’s capabilities on two industrial datasets, namely AITEX and MVTec, and compare the performance to state-of-the-art algorithms for class-incremental learning.
With the advancement in sensor technology and the trend shift of health measurement from treatment after diagnosis to abnormalities detection long before the occurrence, the approach of turning private spaces into diagnostic spaces has gained much attention. In this work, we designed and implemented a low-cost and compact form factor module that can be deployed on the steering wheel of cars as well as most frequently touch objects at home in order to measure physiological signals from the fingertip of the subject as well as environmental parameters. We estimated the heart rate and SpO2 with the error of 2.83 bpm and 3.52%, respectively. The signal evaluation of skin temperature shows a promising output with respect to environmental recalibration. In addition, the electrodermal activity sensor followed the reference signal, appropriately which indicates the potential for further development and application in stress measurement.
IT-Kosten machen heute einen immer größeren Anteil an den Gesamtkosten von Unternehmen aus. Die Verantwortlichen sind aufgefordert die IT-Kosten zu senken oder zumindest ein effizientes Management sicherzustellen. Oftmals fehlt es dafür an Transparenz und Verständnis für diese Ausgaben. Die Analyse der IT-Kostentreiber ermöglicht ein tieferes Verständnis der Ursachen und Auswirkungen strategischer Entscheidungen. Dieser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die strategischen IT-Kostentreiber bezüglich des Wirkungshorizonts und des Entscheidungsortes zu analysieren. Die durchgeführte Delphi-Studie zeigt, dass Entscheidungen über diese Kostentreiber größtenteils mittel- bis langfristige Auswirkungen haben. Zudem wird deutlich, dass die IT-Abteilung zwar in den Entscheidungsprozess eingebunden ist, während die finalen Entscheidungen häufig stärker im Fachbereich liegen. Zusammenarbeit und effektive Kommunikation sind deshalb entscheidend und die Verantwortung für IT-Kosten sollte von allen EntscheidungsträgerInnen getragen werden. Dieser Beitrag erweitert die Forschung im IT-Kostenmanagement und sensibilisiert PraktikerInnen für Kostenbeeinflussungshebel und die strategische Diskussion über IT-Kosten und das Wertversprechen der IT.
Black-box variational inference (BBVI) is a technique to approximate the posterior of Bayesian models by optimization. Similar to MCMC, the user only needs to specify the model; then, the inference procedure is done automatically. In contrast to MCMC, BBVI scales to many observations, is faster for some applications, and can take advantage of highly optimized deep learning frameworks since it can be formulated as a minimization task. In the case of complex posteriors, however, other state-of-the-art BBVI approaches often yield unsatisfactory posterior approximations. This paper presents Bernstein flow variational inference (BF-VI), a robust and easy-to-use method flexible enough to approximate complex multivariate posteriors. BF-VI combines ideas from normalizing flows and Bernstein polynomial-based transformation models. In benchmark experiments, we compare BF-VI solutions with exact posteriors, MCMC solutions, and state-of-the-art BBVI methods, including normalizing flow-based BBVI. We show for low-dimensional models that BF-VI accurately approximates the true posterior; in higher-dimensional models, BF-VI compares favorably against other BBVI methods. Further, using BF-VI, we develop a Bayesian model for the semi-structured melanoma challenge data, combining a CNN model part for image data with an interpretable model part for tabular data, and demonstrate, for the first time, the use of BBVI in semi-structured models.
Die energetische Sanierung von Gebäuden ist von großer Relevanz, um die gesetzlichen Klimaziele zu erreichen. Die Methode des seriellen Sanierens spielt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle. Sie gilt als ganzheitliche Maßnahme zur energetischen Aufwertung von Bestandsgebäuden, durch die nicht nur die Gebäudehülle und die Anlagentechnik, wie etwa das Heizungssystem, effektiv verbessert werden, sondern auch eine Integration von Anlagen zur Strom- und Warmwasseraufbereitung erfolgt. Bei der seriellen Sanierung wird, in Anlehnung an die Industrie und an die modulare Bauweise, eine Vorfertigung der Fassaden-
und Dachelemente durchgeführt. Im Nachgang werden die einzelnen Bauelemente und Anlagen montiert bzw. installiert. Durch die Auslagerung der Produktion und durch die Vorfertigung der Elemente besteht das Potenzial, die Montagezeit und die damit verbundenen Einschränkungen vor Ort für die Bewohner deutlich zu reduzieren.
Sleep is essential to physical and mental health. However, the traditional approach to sleep analysis—polysomnography (PSG)—is intrusive and expensive. Therefore, there is great interest in the development of non-contact, non-invasive, and non-intrusive sleep monitoring systems and technologies that can reliably and accurately measure cardiorespiratory parameters with minimal impact on the patient. This has led to the development of other relevant approaches, which are characterised, for example, by the fact that they allow greater freedom of movement and do not require direct contact with the body, i.e., they are non-contact. This systematic review discusses the relevant methods and technologies for non-contact monitoring of cardiorespiratory activity during sleep. Taking into account the current state of the art in non-intrusive technologies, we can identify the methods of non-intrusive monitoring of cardiac and respiratory activity, the technologies and types of sensors used, and the possible physiological parameters available for analysis. To do this, we conducted a literature review and summarised current research on the use of non-contact technologies for non-intrusive monitoring of cardiac and respiratory activity. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of publications were established prior to the start of the search. Publications were assessed using one main question and several specific questions. We obtained 3774 unique articles from four literature databases (Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Scopus) and checked them for relevance, resulting in 54 articles that were analysed in a structured way using terminology. The result was 15 different types of sensors and devices (e.g., radar, temperature sensors, motion sensors, cameras) that can be installed in hospital wards and departments or in the environment. The ability to detect heart rate, respiratory rate, and sleep disorders such as apnoea was among the characteristics examined to investigate the overall effectiveness of the systems and technologies considered for cardiorespiratory monitoring. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the considered systems and technologies were identified by answering the identified research questions. The results obtained allow us to determine the current trends and the vector of development of medical technologies in sleep medicine for future researchers and research.
Gegenstand der hier vorgestellten Arbeit ist ein Überblick über die Unterschiede zwischen der aktuell in Baden-Württemberg bauaufsichtlich gültigen Erdbebennorm DIN 4149 und der DIN EN 1998-1/NA 2021-07, die Sie künftig ersetzen soll und bereits dem aktuellen Stand der Technik entspricht. Es wird darauf eingegangen, welche Umstände hinter dem Umstieg auf die Europäische Norm und die Neuauflegung des Nationalen Anhangs stehen und ein Faktor ausgearbeitet, mit dem beide Normen direkt verglichen werden können. Zudem werden gängige Berechnungsverfahren zur Ermittlung von Erdbebenbeanspruchungen vorgestellt und anhand des Berechnungsprogramms Minea Design die Unterschiede zwischen vereinfachter 2D-Berechnung und 3D-Berechnung mit finiten Elementen untersucht. Daraus wird eine Aussage darüber abgeleitet, welches der Berechnungsverfahren auf der „sicheren Seite“ liegt und wie sich die Ergebnisse verifizieren lassen. An einem realen Projekt werden diese Erkenntnisse in Form einer Erdbebenbemessung angewandt.
The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is currently in transformation. Within this transformation, digitalization has a leading function, whereby a higher level of efficiency is pursued. In order to ensure a coordinated information exchange within the digitalization, the concept of the Common Data Environment (CDE) has been developed in the last years. A CDE is a cloud based collaborative platform that is used to exchange project information and data between the different stakeholders of a construction project. The main objective of this thesis is the implementation of a suitable CDE solution for the purpose of a construction management company.
For this purpose, an evaluation of different CDE software on the market, based on the functions and usability of the different software, has been complied to identify the most suitable solution. Secondly, a concept for the setup and implementation of a CDE solution has been developed. Therefore, advice for a successful change-management has been established to ensure the good implementation of the CDE.
The first part of the thesis includes a literature review through which the current state of the information management in the AEC industry is analyzed. The advantages of a CDE for the information management are also analyzed. Therefore, a synthesis of the functions and requirements to a CDE has been complied.
The second part of the thesis links the concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) with the CDE. The advantages of a CDE in the BIM process has been established.
The third part of the thesis treats the evaluation of CDE software. This evaluation has been complied with a scoring method. As basis of the evaluation, a requirement list has been developed in which all the required functions of a CDE are listed.
In the fourth part of the thesis, a concept for the establishment of a CDE has been developed. The developed concept is a practical application of the standards specifications to CDE. The concept has been developed with CDE expert and CDE power users. The developed concept treats overall of the structuration, the standardization, and the implementation of a CDE.
The last part treats of the change process engender by the implementation of a CDE.
Summary, this thesis provides a structure for the implementation of a CDE software and serves as framework for companies of the AEC industry to select and establish a CDE.
Wie kann Korpuslinguistik für den Fremdsprachenunterricht genutzt werden? Wie kann Data-driven Learning initiiert werden? Wer sich mit diesen Fragen beschäftigt und sich über den Einsatz im DaF-Unterricht informieren möchte, wird kaum fündig, denn die publizierten Materialien wurden in der Regel für den Englischunterricht verfasst. In dieser Sammelrezension werden daher vier Monografien vorgestellt, in denen der Einsatz der Korpuslinguistik zur Sprachvermittlung Englisch beschrieben wird. Es sollen die Schwerpunkte und Besonderheiten der Monografien herausgearbeitet und der mögliche Nutzen für Deutsch als Fremdsprache eruiert werden.
Digitalisierung im Bauwesen
(2023)
Online-Reisebewertungsplattformen sind der Treffpunkt für Touristen, um ihre Erlebnisse zu teilen und einander zu beeinflussen. Die Untersuchung des Besuchererlebnisses beim Besuch eines Museums kann sich positiv auf die Museumsentwicklung auswirken. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse verwendet, um die positiven und negativen Aspekte von Museumsbesuchen im indonesischen Nationalmuseum zu untersuchen. Durch die Datenanalyse von 420 TripAdvisor-Bewertungen des Nationalmuseums wurden die Aspekte ermittelt, die zur Zufriedenheit oder Unzufriedenheit der Besucher beitragen. Dadurch werden Museumsfachleute in die Lage versetzt, Museumsbesuche weiterzuentwickeln und zu verbessern.
Das Ergebnis dieser Studie zeigt, dass es 12 wichtige Themen gibt, die direkt mit der Erlebniswelt der Besucher im Museum verbunden sind, nämlich Ausstellungsdesign, Museumsidentität, First-hand Experience, Zugänglichkeit, Dienstleistungsumfeld, Architektur, Orientierung und Beschilderung, Annehmlichkeiten, Führungen, Wartungsarbeiten, Geschenkladen und Café, Mitarbeiter. Zu den positiven Aspekten der 12 Themen gehören die umfassenden Sammlungen, die Ausstellungsgestaltung, die Möglichkeit, Neues zu lernen, die günstigen Eintrittspreise, die strategische Lage des Museums, die informativen Museumsführer und die Dienstleistungen für eine Vielzahl von Museumsbesuchern. Bei den negativen Aspekten des Museums konzentrierten sich die Klagen der Besucher im Allgemeinen auf den Mangel an Interaktivität, Beschreibung, Kontext und Beleuchtung der Exponate. Darüber hinaus beklagten sich die Besucher über die Überfüllung an den Wochenenden, die ungepflegten Toiletten, das Verhalten des Personals und die Renovierungsarbeiten, die während der Öffnungszeiten des Museums durchgeführt wurden. Zur Verbesserung der Besuchsqualität sollte das Museum die Interaktivität und die Pflege der Sammlungen intensivieren, eine bessere Beleuchtung installieren, ausführliche Informationen über die Exponate bereitstellen, den Kundenservice und Mitarbeiterschulungen verbessern, Führungen für Kinder anbieten und einen offiziellen Museumsladen eröffnen.
Multi-faceted stresses of social, environmental, and economic nature are increasingly challenging the existence and sustainability of our societies. Cities in particular are disproportionately threatened by global issues such as climate change, urbanization, population growth, air pollution, etc. In addition, urban space is often too limited to effectively develop sustainable, nature-based solutions while accommodating growing populations. This research aims to provide new methodologies by proposing lightweight green bridges in inner-city areas as an effective land value capture mechanism. Geometry analysis was performed using geospatial and remote sensing data to provide geometrically feasible locations of green bridges. A multi-criteria decision analysis was applied to identify suitable locations for green bridges investigating Central European urban centers with a focus on German cities as representative examples. A cost-benefit analysis was performed to assess the economic feasibility using a case study. The results of the geometry analysis identified 3249 locations that were geometrically feasible to implement a green bridge in German cities. The sample locations from the geometry analysis were proved to be validated for their implementation potential. Multi-criteria decision analysis was used to select 287 sites that fall under the highest suitable class based on several criteria. The cost-benefit analysis of the case study showed that the market value of the property alone can easily outweigh the capital and maintenance costs of a green bridge, while the indirect (monetary) benefits of the green space continue to increase the overall value of the green bridge property including its neighborhood over time. Hence, we strongly recommend light green bridges as financially sustainable and nature-based solutions in cities worldwide.
Sanktionen stellen Zwangsmaßnahmen dar, die bei der Bewältigung politischer Spannungen zwischen Nationen eine lange und wiederkehrende Stellung einnehmen. Sie werden sowohl einseitig als auch in Staatenbündnissen verhängt und besonders nach dem 2. Weltkrieg mit zunehmender Häufigkeit eingesetzt. Während im letzten Jahrhundert, insbesondere vor dem 2. Weltkrieg, Handelsbeschränkungen und umfassende Wirtschaftsblockaden die vorherrschenden Sanktionsinstrumente darstellten, werden heute in einer stärker integrierten und globalisierten Welt Sanktionen in verschiedenen weiteren Formen verhängt, einschließlich internationaler Finanzbeschränkungen, Reiseverbote, Handelseinschränkungen für bestimmte Gütergruppen, Aufhebung militärischer Hilfen und spezifische Einschränkungen, wie beispielsweise Flugverbote und Hafensperrungen.
Der einst vorherrschende Baustoff in Deutschland war Lehm. Dieser wurde durch die erste industrielle Revolution weitgehend verdrängt und durch industrialisierte Baustoffe wie Beton ersetzt. Mit der vierten industriellen Revolution und dem steigenden Bewusstsein der Auswirkungen der Ressourcenverschwendung und Abfallproduktion auf die Umwelt, soll der traditionelle Lehmbau durch Digitalisierung und Automatisierung wieder an ökonomischem Aufschwung gewinnen. Bauen mit Lehm bietet die Chance einer systematischen Transformation der Bauindustrie in Richtung Kohlenstoffneutralität. Bisher ist die Bauindustrie für mehr als 30 % der weltweiten Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich. Durch die Verwendung regionaler, zirkulärer Materialien, die idealerweise aus der eigenen Baugrube gewonnen werden, könnte sich dies in Zukunft ändern. Lehm kommt in nahezu allen Teilen der Welt flächendeckend und zur Genüge vor und kann mit verschiedenen regional vorhandenen Additiven ergänzt werden. Durch Standardisierung der Produkte und technologischen Fortschritt könnte der Lehmbau in eine Massenproduktion überführt werden und in Zukunft mit dem konventionellen Stahlbetonbau oder Holzbau konkurrieren.
Diese Masterarbeit konzentriert sich auf die Modernisierung von Lehmbauweisen in Form von digitalisierten und automatisierten additiven Fertigungsverfahren wie der Stampflehmbau oder das 3D-Drucken mit Lehm für Wandbauteile. Ziel der Masterthesis ist es, einen Bauablauf für eines der genannten additiven Fertigungsverfahren zu entwickeln. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden die verschiedenen Fertigungsverfahren und Arten nach Stand der Technik miteinander verglichen und sich für das am besten bewertete entschieden. Als praktische Grundlage für die Wahl des Fertigungsverfahren dienen beispielhafte Untersuchungen mit einem Lehm 3D-Drucker. Dabei werden Prüfkörper mit und ohne Additive gedruckt sowie Prüfkörper mit unterschiedlichen Füllgraden erstellt und anschließend im Labor auf ihre Druckfestigkeit geprüft.
Die folgende Arbeit zeigt die vielen Potenziale des Lehmbaus als zirkuläre und moderne Bauweise auf und beleuchtet zugleich die Herausforderungen, die es noch zu lösen gilt.
Linear and nonlinear response functions (RF) are extracted for the climate system and the carbon cycle represented by the MPI-ESM and cGENIE models, respectively. Appropriately designed simulations are run for this purpose. Joining these RFs, we have a climate emulator with carbon emissions as the forcing and any desired observable quantity (provided the data is saved), such as the surface air temperature or precipitation, as the predictand. Like e.g. for atmospheric CO2 concentration, we also have RFs for the solar constant as a forcing — mimicking solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering. We consider two application cases. 1. One is based on the Paris 2015 agreement, determining the necessary least amount of SRM geoengineering needed to keep the global mean surface air temperature below a certain threshold, e.g. 1.5 or 2 [oC], given a certain amount of carbon emission abatement (ABA) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) geoengineering. 2. The other application considers the conservation of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). Using a zero-dimensional simplification of a complex ice sheet model, we determine (a) if we need SRM given some ABA and CDR, and, if possible, (b) the required least amount of SRM to avoid the collapse of the GrIS. Keeping temperatures below 2 [oC] even is hardly possible without sustained SRM (1.); however, the collapse of the GrIS can be avoided applying SRM even for moderate levels of CDR and ABA, an overshoot being affordable (2.).
Insecurity Refactoring is a change to the internal structure of software to inject a vulnerability without changing the observable behavior in a normal use case scenario. An implementation of Insecurity Refactoring is formally explained to inject vulnerabilities in source code projects by using static code analysis. It creates learning examples with source code patterns from known vulnerabilities.
Insecurity Refactoring is achieved by creating an Adversary Controlled Input Dataflow tree based on a Code Property Graph. The tree is used to find possible injection paths. Transformation of the possible injection paths allows to inject vulnerabilities. Insertion of data flow patterns introduces different code patterns from related Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) reports. The approach is evaluated on 307 open source projects. Additionally, insecurity-refactored projects are deployed in virtual machines to be used as learning examples. Different static code analysis tools, dynamic tools and manual inspections are used with modified projects to confirm the presence of vulnerabilities.
The results show that in 8.1% of the open source projects it is possible to inject vulnerabilities. Different inspected code patterns from CVE reports can be inserted using corresponding data flow patterns. Furthermore the results reveal that the injected vulnerabilities are useful for a small sample size of attendees (n=16). Insecurity Refactoring is useful to automatically generate learning examples to improve software security training. It uses real projects as base whereas the injected vulnerabilities stem from real CVE reports. This makes the injected vulnerabilities unique and realistic.
Increasing demand for sustainable, resilient, and low-carbon construction materials has highlighted the potential of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs), which are formulated from various soil types (sand, silt, clay) and recycled mineral waste. This paper presents a comprehensive inter- and transdisciplinary research concept that aims to industrialise and scale up the adoption of CMM-based construction materials and methods, thereby accelerating the construction industry’s systemic transition towards carbon neutrality. By drawing upon the latest advances in soil mechanics, rheology, and automation, we propose the development of a robust material properties database to inform the design and application of CMM-based materials, taking into account their complex, time-dependent behaviour. Advanced soil mechanical tests would be utilised to ensure optimal performance under various loading and ageing conditions. This research has also recognised the importance of context-specific strategies for CMM adoption. We have explored the implications and limitations of implementing the proposed framework in developing countries, particularly where resources may be constrained. We aim to shed light on socio-economic and regulatory aspects that could influence the adoption of these sustainable construction methods. The proposed concept explores how the automated production of CMM-based wall elements can become a fast, competitive, emission-free, and recyclable alternative to traditional masonry and concrete construction techniques. We advocate for the integration of open-source digital platform technologies to enhance data accessibility, processing, and knowledge acquisition; to boost confidence in CMM-based technologies; and to catalyse their widespread adoption. We believe that the transformative potential of this research necessitates a blend of basic and applied investigation using a comprehensive, holistic, and transfer-oriented methodology. Thus, this paper serves to highlight the viability and multiple benefits of CMMs in construction, emphasising their pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and resilience in the built environment.
Die Berücksichtigung ökologischer und sozialer Gesichtspunkte in der Konzeption, Planung und Errichtung von Gebäuden hat in den vergangenen Jahren großen Einfluss auf Marktfähigkeit der Immobilien gewonnen. Regulatorische Rahmenwerke wie die Taxonomie-Verordnung der Europäischen Union formulieren die klare Anforderung an die Bauwirtschaft dem Schutz von Mensch und Natur mehr Bedeutung einzuräumen. Nur mit einem wesentlichen Beitrag zu den Klimazielen der Europäischen Union wird es der Branche langfristig möglich sein sich einen uneingeschränkten Zugang zum Investorenmarkt zu sichern.
Die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Arbeit widmet sich dem Kriterienkatalog der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen e.V. und legt Übereinstimmungen mit den technischen Bewertungskriterien der EU-Taxonomie Verordnung offen. Der im Frühjahr 2023 erschienen Kriterienkatalog umfasst eine Vielzahl von Kriterien, anhand derer Gebäude auf Nachhaltigkeit geprüft werden. Im Vergleich zu der Vorgängerversion aus dem Jahr 2018 wurden erhebliche Änderungen eingearbeitet. Besonders hervorzuheben sind neue technische Prüfkriterien im Bereich Klimaschutz, Ressourcengewinnung, Biodiversität und Kreislaufwirtschaft. Die Angleichung der Berechnungsmethode für die Ökobilanzen an das bundeseigene „Qualitätssiegel Nachhaltiges Gebäude“, die Mindestanforderung nach dem erhöhten Einsatz von nachhaltig gewachsenem Holz, die Prüfung spezifischer Zielquoten bei dem Einsatz von Recyclingbeton sowie Anforderungen an die Zirkularität sind nur ein Teil der Neuerungen. Für die zusätzlichen Anforderung müssen Projektentwickler mit Mehrkosten im hohen sechsstelligen Bereich im Vergleich zu der Vorgängerversion rechnen. Vorteile der Neuauflage des Kriterienkataloges sind eine erhöhte Übereinstimmung mit den Nachhaltigkeitsanforderungen der Europäischen Union. Es werden jedoch nicht alle Anforderungen erfüllt. Nachweise für den Primärenergiebedarf, die Schadstoffbelastung von Bauteilen bzw. -materialien und eine Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung müssen zusätzlich zu dem Kriterienkatalog der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen geleistet werden. Insgesamt ebnen die Kriterien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen aber den Weg hin zu einer EU-Konformität und helfen Projektentwicklern Immobilien erfolgreich auf dem Markt zu positionieren.
Das veränderte Einkaufs- und Konsumverhalten vieler Kunden stellt den Einzelhandel vor große Herausforderungen. Dabei scheint besonders die junge Generation Z, die mit dem Internet, sozialen Medien und digitalen Anwendungen aufgewachsen ist, nicht mehr den traditionellen Konsummustern zu entsprechen und erwartet eine Anpassung des Einzelhandels an ihre Bedürfnisse. Um herauszufinden, welche Anforderungen junge Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten an den Einzelhandel stellen und wie sich diese zwischen verschiedenen Generationen unterscheiden, wurden mehr als 300 Personen aller Altersgruppen befragt. Zu den Schwerpunkten der Untersuchung zählten das Einkaufsverhalten, die Personalisierung von Kommunikation und Angeboten sowie die Nutzung digitaler Services und Technologien im Einzelhandel.
Digital federated platforms and data cooperatives for secure, trusted and sovereign data exchange will play a central role in the construction industry of the future. With the help of platforms, cooperatives and their novel value creation, the digital transformation and the degree of organization of the construction value chain can be taken to a new level of collaboration. The goal of this research project was to develop an experimental prototype for a federated innovation data platform along with a suitable exemplary use case. The prototype is to serve the construction industry as a demonstrator for further developments and form the basis for an innovation platform. It exemplifies how an overall concept is concretely implemented along one or more use cases that address high-priority industry pain points. This concept will create a blueprint and a framework for further developments, which will then be further established in the market. The research project illuminates the perspective of various governance innovations to increase industry collaboration, productivity and capital project performance and transparency as well as the overall potential of possible platform business models. However, a comprehensive expert survey revealed that there are considerable obstacles to trust-based data exchange between the key stakeholders in the industry value network. The obstacles to cooperation are predominantly not of a technical nature but rather of a competitive, predominantly trust-related nature. To overcome these obstacles and create a pre-competitive space of trust, the authors therefore propose the governance structure of a data cooperative model, which is discussed in detail in this paper.
Die Forschungs- und Weiterbildungsaktivtäten konzentrierten sich auf die Anwendung von Virtual Reality in der Lehre. Hier interessierte vor allem, wo im Maschinenbau diese Technologie sinnvoll eingesetzt werden kann. Hierzu wurden die verschiedenen Bereiche im Maschinenbau untersucht.
Des Weiteren sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, wie man die Technologie sinnvoll einsetzen kann. Hierzu wurden die Arbeitsplätze der Modellfabrik herangezogen. Die Modellfabrik bot die Möglichkeit sowohl in der industrienahen Umgebung das reale Training durchzuführen als auch das VR-Training durchzuführen.
Neben den Hauptaktivitäten im Bereich Virtual Reality erlaubte mir das Forschungssemester auch, in andere Felder der Digitalisierung und Industrie 4.0 tiefer einzusteigen. Hier sei explizit die konkrete Anbindung der Montagelinien in der Modellfabrik an das Digitalisieurngs-Tool von Forcam zu erwähnen. Die digitale Anbindung der Montagelinie ist mit interessanten Problemstellungen verbunden, auf die hier nicht weiter eingegangen werden soll, die aber zu einem deutlich tieferen Verständnis von konkreten Umsetzungsproblemen der Industrie geführt haben.
Creative Coding - void draw
(2023)
Creative Coding ist eines der vielen trendigen Schlagwörter, die in letzter Zeit in der Designbranche auftauchen. Wie so oft ist Creative Coding aber prinzipiell gar nicht so neu, sondern eine Wortschöpfung, die etwas beschreibt, was DesignerInnen schon lange betreiben, was jedoch nun breiter diskutiert wird und als wichtiges Konzept für Designer anerkannt ist.
The scoring of sleep stages is one of the essential tasks in sleep analysis. Since a manual procedure requires considerable human and financial resources, and incorporates some subjectivity, an automated approach could result in several advantages. There have been many developments in this area, and in order to provide a comprehensive overview, it is essential to review relevant recent works and summarise the characteristics of the approaches, which is the main aim of this article. To achieve it, we examined articles published between 2018 and 2022 that dealt with the automated scoring of sleep stages. In the final selection for in-depth analysis, 125 articles were included after reviewing a total of 515 publications. The results revealed that automatic scoring demonstrates good quality (with Cohen's kappa up to over 0.80 and accuracy up to over 90%) in analysing EEG/EEG + EOG + EMG signals. At the same time, it should be noted that there has been no breakthrough in the quality of results using these signals in recent years. Systems involving other signals that could potentially be acquired more conveniently for the user (e.g. respiratory, cardiac or movement signals) remain more challenging in the implementation with a high level of reliability but have considerable innovation capability. In general, automatic sleep stage scoring has excellent potential to assist medical professionals while providing an objective assessment.
100 Jahre Türkische Republik
(2023)
MiniKueWeE-Abwärmenutzung
(2023)
Das Thema Energiewende ist derzeit so aktuell wie nie. Neben dem Umstieg von fossilen auf erneuerbare Energien gewinnt auch die Energieeffizienz auf allen Ebenen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Dies gilt besonders für viele Teile des Gebäudebereichs, wo heute eine beachtliche Energiemenge, nicht nur für die Wärmeerzeugung, sondern auch zur Raumkühlung benötigt wird (Umweltbundesamt 2020). In Anbetracht der Klimaveränderungen wird der Kühlbedarf in den nächsten Jahrzehnten zudem noch weiter ansteigen. Aus diesem Grund gibt es einen großen Bedarf an innovativen Lösungen, welche eine effiziente Raumkühlung unter möglichst geringem Energieeinsatz gewährleisten. Die vorliegende Projektarbeit untersucht einen Teilbereich einer solchen Lösung. Genaueres zum Hintergrund, den technischen Randbedingungen sowie den Zielen des Projekts, wird in den folgenden Abschnitten erläutert.
Purpose
In order to combat climate change and safeguard a liveable future we need fundamental and rapid social change. Climate communication can play an important role to nurture the public engagement needed for this change, and higher education for sustainability can learn from climate communication.
Approach
The scientific evidence base on climate communication for effective public engagement is summarised into ten key principles, including ‘basing communication on people’s values’, ‘conscious use of framing’, and ‘turning concern into action’. Based on the author’s perspective and experience in the university context, implications are explored for sustainability in higher education.
Findings
The article provides suggestions for teaching (e.g. complement information with consistent behaviour by the lecturer, integrate local stories, and provide students with basic skills to communicate climate effectively), for research (e.g. make teaching for effective engagement the subject of applied research), for universities’ third mission to contribute to sustainable development
in the society (e.g. provide climate communication trainings to empower local stakeholders), andgreening the campus (develop a proper engagement infrastructure, e.g. by a university storytelling exchange on climate action).
Originality
The article provides an up-to-date overview of climate communication research, which is in itself original. This evidence base holds interesting learnings for institutions of higher education, and the link between climate communication and universities has so far not been explored comprehensively.
In this work, a storage study was conducted to find suitable packaging material for tomato powder storage. Experiments were laid out in a single factor completely randomized design (CRD) to study the effect of packaging materials on lycopene, vitamin C moisture content, and water activity of tomato powder; The factor (packaging materials) has three levels (low‐density polyethylene bag, polypropylene bottle, wrapped with aluminum foils, and packed in low‐density polyethylene bag) and is replicated three times. During the study, a twin layer solar tunnel dried tomato slices of var. Galilea was used. The dried tomato slices were then ground and packed (40 g each) in the packaging materials and stored at room temperature. Samples were drawn from the packages at 2‐month interval for quality analysis and SAS (version 9.2) software was used for statistical analysis. From the result, higher retention of lycopene (80.13%) and vitamin C (49.32%) and a nonsignificant increase in moisture content and water activity were observed for tomato powder packed in polypropylene bottles after 6 months of storage. For low‐density polyethylene packed samples and samples wrapped with aluminum foil and packed in a low‐density polyethylene bag, 57.06% and 60.45% lycopene retention and 42.9% and 49.23% Vitamin C retention were observed, respectively, after 6 months of storage. Considering the results found, it can be concluded that lycopene and vitamin C content of twin layer solar tunnel dried tomato powder can be preserved at ambient temperature storage by packing in a polypropylene bottle with a safe range of moisture content and water activity levels for 6 months.
This study aims to investigate the utilization of Bayesian techniques for the calibration of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers. These devices have garnered substantial interest in various practical applications and typically require calibration through error-correcting functions. The parameters of these error-correcting functions are determined during a calibration process. However, due to various sources of noise, these parameters cannot be determined with precision, making it desirable to incorporate uncertainty in the calibration models. Bayesian modeling offers a natural and complete way of reflecting uncertainty by treating the model parameters as variables rather than fixed values. In addition, Bayesian modeling enables the incorporation of prior knowledge, making it an ideal choice for calibration. Nevertheless, it is infrequently used in sensor calibration. This study introduces Bayesian methods for the calibration of MEMS accelerometer data in a straightforward manner using recent advances in probabilistic programming.
The random matrix approach is a robust algorithm to filter the mean and covariance matrix of noisy observations of a dynamic object. Afterward, virtual measurement models can be used to find iteratively the extent parameters of an object that would cause the same statistical moments within their measurements. In previous work, this was limited to elliptical targets and only contour measurements.In this paper, we introduce the parallel use of an elliptical, triangular and rectangular-shaped virtual measurement model and a shape classification that selects the model that fits best to the measurements. The measurement likelihood is modeled either via ray tracing, a uniformly or normally spatial distribution over the object’s extent or as a combination of those.The results show that the extent estimation works precisely and that the classification accuracy highly depends on the measurement noise.
Large-scale quantum computers threaten the security of today's public-key cryptography. The McEliece cryptosystem is one of the most promising candidates for post-quantum cryptography. However, the McEliece system has the drawback of large key sizes for the public key. Similar to other public-key cryptosystems, the McEliece system has a comparably high computational complexity. Embedded devices often lack the required computational resources to compute those systems with sufficiently low latency. Hence, those systems require hardware acceleration. Lately, a generalized concatenated code construction was proposed together with a restrictive channel model, which allows for much smaller public keys for comparable security levels. In this work, we propose a hardware decoder suitable for a McEliece system based on these generalized concatenated codes. The results show that those systems are suitable for resource-constrained embedded devices.
Prior quantitative research identified in the text of technology-based ventures' business plans distinctive performance patterns of evolving business models. Accordingly, interactions with customers, financiers, and people and the patenting strategy's status evolved and served as indicators of early-stage tech ventures' performance. With longitudinal data from five venture cases, this research sheds light on the evolving business model by validating the performance patterns, and elucidating how and why the ventures' business models evolved. Based on a generic systems theory framework for the indicators, the explanatory case studies re-contextualize the performance patterns taken from the snapshot perspective of business plans to the longitudinal perspective of technology-based ventures' life-cycle. This research confirms the relation of business model patterns of digital and non-digital ventures to the performance groups of failure, survival, or success and suggests a broader systems perspective for further research.
This study aims to adapt CEFR in developing an integrative approach-based teaching material model for a pre-basic BISOL class. The method used in this research is the development research design by Borg and Gall. This study was development research. The stages are identification of the problem, formulation of a hypothetical draft model; feasibility testing by experts; product revision; and test product effectiveness. The data were collected through survey techniques, interviews, and documentation. The needs identification results revealed data encompassing 10 themes, 5 tasks per theme, and diverse evaluations comprising theory, in-class practice, and real-world field assignments, both on an individual and group basis. These identified needs require alignment with CEFR A1 for the development of BISOL learning. These findings were subsequently incorporated into the design of the teaching material model, and the results indicated that tailoring CEFR to BISOL as an integrative language teaching material model was feasible for application in the classroom, as assessed by experts. The implications suggest that integrating CEFR into BISOL is highly feasible for the development of teaching materials, and teachers can leverage this instructional model to enhance students' proficiency in the Indonesian language.
The digital transformation of business processes and the integration of IT systems leads to opportunities and risks for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Risks that can result in a lack of IT Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC). The purpose of this paper is to present the Design and Evaluation phase of creating an artefact, to reduce these risks. With this, the Design Science Research approach based on Hevner is using. The artefact will be developed by selecting relevant existing frameworks and the identification of SME-specific competencies. The method enables IT-GRC managers to transfer or adapt the frameworks to an SME organizational structure. The results from ten interviews and further three feedback loops showed that the method can be applied in practice and that a tailoring of established frameworks can take place. Contrary to the previous basic orientation of the research, this paper focuses on the concretization of approaches.
In the digital age, information technology (IT) is a strategic asset for organizations. As a result, the IT costs are rising, and the cost-effective management of IT is crucial. Nevertheless, organizations still face major challenges and former studies lack comprehensiveness and depth. The goal of this paper is to generate a deep and holistic view on current management challenges of IT costs. In 15 expert interviews, we identify 23 challenges divided into 7 categories. The main challenges are to ensure transparency on IT cost information, to demonstrate the business impact of IT as well as to change the mindset for the value of IT and overcoming them requires attention to their interactions. Hence, this paper leads to a better understanding of the issues that IT cost management (ITCM) faces in the digital age and builds a base for future research.
CSR Pyramid
(2023)
Carroll, A.B.
(2023)
Infrastructure-making in interwar India was a dynamic, multilayered process involving roads and vehicles in urban and rural sites. One of their strongest playgrounds was Bombay Presidency and the Central Provinces in central and western India. Focusing on this region in the interwar period, this paper analyzes the varied relationship between peasant households and town-centred modernizing agents in the making of road transport infrastructures. The central argument of this paper is about the persistence of bullock carts over motor cars in the region. This persistence was grounded in the specific regional environment, the effects of the 1930s economic depression, and the priorities of social classes. Pinpointing these connections, the paper highlights that “modernization” of infrastructure was not a simple, linear process of progressivist change, nor did it mean the survival of apparently “old” technologies in the modern era. Instead, the paper pays attention to conflicting social complexities, implications, and meanings of the connection between infrastructure and modernity that modernization assumptions often overlook. Here, the paper shows how technological change occurred as a result of real, material class interests pulling infrastructural technology in different directions. This was where and why arguments of road-motor lobbyists and cart advocates eventually clashed, and Gandhian social workers resisted motor transport in defense of peasant interests.
Nowadays, organizations must invest strategically in information technology (IT) and choose the right digital initiatives to maximize their benefit. Nevertheless, Chief Information Officers still struggle to communicate IT costs and demonstrate the business value of IT. The goal of this paper is to support their effective communication. In focus groups, we analyzed how different stakeholders perceive IT costs and the business value of IT as the basis of communication. We identified 16 success factors to establish effective communication. Hence, this paper enables a better understanding of the perception and the operationalization of effective communication.
This chapter takes a detailed look at the developmental state model and its manifestations in regional development policies. Developmentalist ideas have been waxing and waning across periods of economic boom and bust. Recent years, however, have seen a renaissance of East Asian developmentalism – reminiscent of its heyday in the 1980s and 1990s and most notably driven by the region’s continued economic strength.
The endorsement of state-led modernization, preferential policies, and close state-business relations – which underpinned Japan/Korea/China’s transformations – has also left its mark on current ODA practices in the region and beyond. East Asia’s state agencies are pushing ahead with colossal infrastructure programs – in close cooperation with commercial actors – that advance broad development goals and, at the same time, promotes national interests. Compared to Western OECD peers, Asian development cooperation tends to focus less on neoliberal and democratic principles and, instead, places greater emphasis on state-corporatist and meritocratic ideas.
To what extent East Asia’s infrastructural megaprojects and connectivity corridors across Eurasia and Africa (BRI, EAI, and Partnership for Quality Infrastructure) will generate political momentum for an emergent developmental consensus remains uncertain. The jury is still out when it comes to whether and how Asian developmentalism will take center stage in global development debates. What is clear, however, is that the changing zeitgeist of a less Anglo/Euro-centric world bodes well for more heterodox and diverse ideas on development cooperation.
Dieses Buch bietet eine kompakte Einführung in die systemische Denkweise und die Methodik des Vernetzten Denkens. Tragfähige Entscheidungen und Handlungen in unserer vernetzten und komplexen Welt erfordern, sich mit anderen Denk- und Sichtweisen vertraut zu machen und in systemisch-vernetzten Zusammenhängen zu denken. Dazu benötigen die Entscheider ein tiefergehendes Verständnis über das Denken in Wirkungszusammenhängen und wie sich diese bildhaft darstellen lassen. Mittels vieler motivierender Beispiele zeigt dieses essential, was Systemdenken ausmacht und wie sich diese Denkweise in die eigene Entscheidungspraxis umsetzen lässt.
Southeast Asia
(2023)
Southeast Asia continues to inspire and intrigue observers from all walks
of life due to its diverse cultural traditions and its interwoven threads of
geographical, historical, and social transformation. This essay will explore some of these threads by highlighting Southeast Asia’s (1) deep-rooted diversity, (2) decolonial nation-building, (3) digital leapfrogging, and (4) under-rated prospects
Praktische Rhetorik
(2023)
Arbeitsrecht für Dummies
(2023)
Unsere Wirtschaft ist ohne Verständnis des Arbeitsrechts schwer zu begreifen. Oliver Haag erklärt Ihnen von den Rechtsquellen bis hin zum Betriebsverfassungsrecht alles, was Sie über das Arbeitsrecht wissen sollten. Anhand von Übungsfällen können Sie Ihr Wissen direkt überprüfen.
Oliver Haag erklärt Ihnen, was Sie für Ihr Studium über Arbeitsrecht wissen sollten. Er führt Sie in die juristische Denk- und Arbeitsweise ein und erklärt Ihnen die allgemeinen Grundlagen des Arbeitsrechts. Sie erfahren außerdem, was es mit den Details des Individualarbeitsrechts und des Kollektivarbeitsrechts auf sich hat. Zum Abschluss lernen Sie anhand von Übungsfällen, wie Sie sich mit dem Arbeitsrecht in Klausuren auseinandersetzen sollten. So ist dieses Buch unverzichtbar bei Ihren ersten Schritten in diesem wichtigen, aber manchmal auch recht komplizierten Thema.
Driver assistance systems are increasingly becoming part of the standard equipment of vehicles and thus contribute to road safety. However, as they become more widespread, the requirements for cost efficiency are also increasing, and so few and inexpensive sensors are used in these systems. Especially in challenging situations, this leads to the fact that target discrimination cannot be ensured which may lead to false reactions of the driver assistance system. In this paper, the Boids flocking algorithm is used to generate semantic neighborhood information between tracked objects which in turn can significantly improve the overall performance. Two different variants were developed: First, a free-moving flock whereby a separate flock is generated per tracked object and second, a formation-controlled flock where boids of a single flock move along the future road course in a pre-defined formation. In the first approach, the interaction between the flocks as well as the interaction between the boids within a flock is used to generate additional information, which in turn can be used to improve, for example, lane change detection. For the latter approach, new behavioral rules have been developed, so that the boids can reliably identify control-relevant objects to a driver assistance system. Finally, the performance of the presented methods is verified through extensive simulations.
Bribery
(2023)
Trotz des dringenden Erfordernisses einer nachhaltigen und unabhängigen Energieerzeugung und bereits steigender Anteile photovoltaisch erzeugten Stroms stockt die Verbreitung der bauwerkintegrierten Photovoltaik (BIPV). Zahlreiche „Leuchtturm“-Projekte zeigen das große ästhetische Potential solaraktiver Bauteile und dennoch werden insbesondere von Architekt/innen-Seite neben vermeintlichen Einschränkungen in der planerischen Freiheit immer wieder auch gestalterische Vorbehalte angeführt.
Bisher wurde im Zusammenhang mit PV-Bauteilen schwerpunktmäßig die technische und konstruktive Einfügung thematisiert. Um einen Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Entwicklung visuell überzeugender Ergebnisse zu leisten, die verhindern, dass photovoltaische Bauteile am Gebäude als Fremdkörper wahrgenommen werden, ermittelt die vorliegende Arbeit auf der Grundlage ästhetischer Architekturtheorien allgemeingültige Kriterien für architektonische Wirkungsqualität und transferiert diese auf den Bereich der BIPV-Gestaltung.
Dabei werden zum Verständnis erforderliche Grundlagen der BIPV-Systemtechnik vermittelt sowie verfügbare Bauteile und die unterschiedlichen Akteure und Ziele bei der Gestaltung von BIPV aufzeigt. Auch die speziellen funktionalen und technischen Anforderungen, die PV-Bauteile als „aktive“ Bauteile stellen, werden berücksichtigt und hinsichtlich ihrer hemmenden oder synergetischen Wechselwirkungen differenziert.
Im Rahmen einer Projektstudie finden die oben genannten Kriterien Anwendung auf 13 „best practice“-Beispiele aktueller Wettbewerbsgewinner des vom Solarenergieförderverein Bayern e. V. (SeV) ausgelobten „Architekturpreis Gebäudeintegrierte Solartechnik“, die in Form von Steckbriefen vergleichend dargestellt werden.
Das Ergebnis ist die Synthese eines Kriterienkatalogs als Orientierungs-, Planungs- und Kommunikationswerkzeug, in dem alle Ergebnisse systematisiert zusammengestellt werden.
Ergänzend wird in einem kurzen Exkurs auf von der Hauptuntersuchung ausgenommene, für die Praxis aber relevante Schnittstellen zu wirtschaftlichen Aspekten eingegangen.
Motion estimation is an essential element for autonomous vessels. It is used e.g. for lidar motion compensation as well as mapping and detection tasks in a maritime environment. Because the use of gyroscopes is not reliable and a high performance inertial measurement unit is quite expensive, we present an approach for visual pitch and roll estimation that utilizes a convolutional neural network for water segmentation, a stereo system for reconstruction and simple geometry to estimate pitch and roll. The algorithm is validated on a novel, publicly available dataset recorded at Lake Constance. Our experiments show that the pitch and roll estimator provides accurate results in comparison to an Xsens IMU sensor. We can further improve the pitch and roll estimation by sensor fusion with a gyroscope. The algorithm is available in its implementation as a ROS node.
This paper applies the concept of Soja’s Thirdspace to the phenomenon of Lazgi dance and tourism in Uzbekistan. In doing so it analyses the different levels of perception (including Firstspace and Secondspace) of Lazgi and tourism via an autoethnographic lens. Complemented by expert interviews, the interaction of Lazgi and tourism is examined and characteristics of the Lazgisphere (world of Lazgi) in Uzbekistan are distilled. The results show that Lazgi is often directly or indirectly connected with tourism in Uzbekistan, but even more so serves to reaffirm national identity.
Entwicklung und Analyse eines Turmes aus Buchenfurnierschichtholz für eine Kleinwindkraftanlage
(2023)
Die Energiepreise in Deutschland steigen und viele Immobilienbesitzer wollen unabhängiger von den Stromerzeugern werden, weshalb sie in eine eigene Stromproduktion investieren. Eine optimale Ergänzung zu einer Photovoltaikanlage stellt dabei eine Kleinwindkraftanlage dar, die im Vergleich zu den großen Anlagen geringere Umweltbelastungen verursacht. Allerdings entstehen beim Bau einer Kleinwindkraftanlage hohe Kosten, weshalb dieses Konzept kaum verbreitet ist.
Die Türme von Windkraftanlagen werden normalerweise aus Stahl hergestellt. Bei der Herstellung dieses Baustoffs werden große Mengen an Treibhausgasen freigesetzt. Ein umweltfreundlicheres Material ist der nachwachsende Rohstoff Holz. Die Herstellung der Türme in Holzbauweise ist bisher kaum zu finden. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob ein Holzturm eine Alternative zum Stahlturm sein kann und ob dadurch die Investitionskosten für eine Kleinwindkraftanlage gesenkt werden können.
Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurde ein Konzept für einen Holzturm aus Buchenfurnierschichtholz entwickelt. Zunächst wurde die Bedeutung von Buchenholz im Bauwesen erarbeitet. Anschließend wurden die Grundlagen für den Bau von Kleinwindkraftanlagen erforscht und die Abmessungen einer fiktiven Anlage festgelegt. Es wurden die relevanten Einwirkungen ermittelt und die Anlage mittels einer Finiten-Elemente-Berechnung untersucht. Zuletzt wurden die Nachweise für die Tragfähigkeit und die Ermüdungssicherheit des Querschnittes und der Verbindungsmittel geführt.
Bei den Untersuchungen der Randbedingungen konnten keine Argumente gefunden werden, die gegen die Verwendung von Holz sprechen. In einigen Punkten wie beispielsweise in der Herstellungs- und Errichtungsphase sind sogar Vorteile gegenüber dem Stahl zu erkennen. Zudem wurde in einer Kostenschätzung herausgefunden, dass ein Holzturm auch preislich mithalten kann und dass die Herstellungskosten sogar gesenkt werden können. Die Gesamtkosten für eine Kleinwindkraftanlage können dennoch nur unwesentlich gesenkt werden. Die Investition ist daher nur sinnvoll, wenn am geplanten Standort genügend Wind zur Verfügung steht und wenn der produzierte Strom größtenteils selbst genutzt werden kann.
In order to ensure sufficient recovery of the human body and brain, healthy sleep is indispensable. For this purpose, appropriate therapy should be initiated at an early stage in the case of sleep disorders. For some sleep disorders (e.g., insomnia), a sleep diary is essential for diagnosis and therapy monitoring. However, subjective measurement with a sleep diary has several disadvantages, requiring regular action from the user and leading to decreased comfort and potential data loss. To automate sleep monitoring and increase user comfort, one could consider replacing a sleep diary with an automatic measurement, such as a smartwatch, which would not disturb sleep. To obtain accurate results on the evaluation of the possibility of such a replacement, a field study was conducted with a total of 166 overnight recordings, followed by an analysis of the results. In this evaluation, objective sleep measurement with a Samsung Galaxy Watch 4 was compared to a subjective approach with a sleep diary, which is a standard method in sleep medicine. The focus was on comparing four relevant sleep characteristics: falling asleep time, waking up time, total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (SE). After evaluating the results, it was concluded that a smartwatch could replace subjective measurement to determine falling asleep and waking up time, considering some level of inaccuracy. In the case of SE, substitution was also proved to be possible. However, some individual recordings showed a higher discrepancy in results between the two approaches. For its part, the evaluation of the TST measurement currently does not allow us to recommend substituting the measurement method for this sleep parameter. The appropriateness of replacing sleep diary measurement with a smartwatch depends on the acceptable levels of discrepancy. We propose four levels of similarity of results, defining ranges of absolute differences between objective and subjective measurements. By considering the values in the provided table and knowing the required accuracy, it is possible to determine the suitability of substitution in each individual case. The introduction of a “similarity level” parameter increases the adaptability and reusability of study findings in individual practical cases.
"KI first" braucht Verlierer
(2023)
Aktuell vergeht kaum eine Woche, in der nicht ein Unternehmen den Kampf um die Vorherrschaft im Bereich der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) aufnimmt. Tech-Konzerne versprechen sich auch von KI-gesteuerten Bildgeneratoren satte Gewinne. Diese ahmen mit synthetischen Mischbildern stilprägende Künstler/innen nach. Dabei wird auf die Rechtslage verwiesen, die eine zustimmungs- und vergütungsfreie Vervielfältigung ihrer Kunstwerke für Trainingszwecke angeblich zulässt. Doch Widerstand von Künstlern/innen hiergegen ist gesellschaftlich dringend geboten und wäre im Übrigen auch rechtlich gedeckt.
Effiziente Energienutzung ist eine bestehende Problematik, welche nicht nur Privathaushalte, sondern auch Institute und Unternehmen betrifft. Die Thematik, mit der sich diese Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt, ist intelligente Regelung von Wärmeenergie für Nichtwohngebäude. Das Ziel hierbei ist die Einsparung von Energie und die daraus folgenden Kosten. Hierfür wird mittels theoretischer Arbeit, Recherche für vorhandene Konzepte durchgeführt. Mit MATLAB Simulink soll anschließend ein eigenes Konzept für eine intelligente, vorausschauende Regelung aufgebaut und simuliert werden. Dabei soll die Raumlufttemperatur eines Raumes in einem Nichtwohngebäude, mithilfe eines modellbasierten prädiktiven Reglers (MPC), auf eine bestimmte Wunschtemperatur geregelt werden. Zum Schluss wird diese mit einer herkömmlichen Regelung (PID-Regelung) verglichen. Als Ergebnis kam dabei heraus, dass sich bei der vorausschauenden Regelung, im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen Regelung, ein deutlich besserer Temperaturverlauf ergibt. Die Raumtemperatur liegt im gewünschten Sollbereich, jedoch sind in den Ergebnissen keine nennenswerten Energieeinsparungen zu sehen. Durch zukünftige Erweiterungen in den MPC, sollte dies aber definitiv möglich sein. Deshalb und aufgrund der genaueren Regelung der Temperatur, wird eine Empfehlung zur Anwendung von MPC-Reglern an Nichtwohngebäude abgegeben.
Non-volatile NAND flash memories store information as an electrical charge. Different read reference voltages are applied to read the data. However, the threshold voltage distributions vary due to aging effects like program erase cycling and data retention time. It is necessary to adapt the read reference voltages for different life-cycle conditions to minimize the error probability during readout. In the past, methods based on pilot data or high-resolution threshold voltage histograms were proposed to estimate the changes in voltage distributions. In this work, we propose a machine learning approach with neural networks to estimate the read reference voltages. The proposed method utilizes sparse histogram data for the threshold voltage distributions. For reading the information from triple-level cell (TLC) memories, several read reference voltages are applied in sequence. We consider two histogram resolutions. The simplest histogram consists of the zero-and-one ratios for the hard decision read operation, whereas a higher resolution is obtained by considering the quantization levels for soft-input decoding. This approach does not require pilot data for the voltage adaptation. Furthermore, only a few measurements of extreme points of the threshold voltage distributions are required as training data. Measurements with different conditions verify the proposed approach. The resulting neural networks perform well under other life-cycle conditions.
Background: Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for detecting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, this technique has many disadvantages when using it outside the hospital or for daily use. Portable monitors (PMs) aim to streamline the OSA detection process through deep learning (DL).
Materials and methods: We studied how to detect OSA events and calculate the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) by using deep learning models that aim to be implemented on PMs. Several deep learning models are presented after being trained on polysomnography data from the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR) repository. The best hyperparameters for the DL architecture are presented. In addition, emphasis is focused on model explainability techniques, concretely on Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM).
Results: The results for the best DL model are presented and analyzed. The interpretability of the DL model is also analyzed by studying the regions of the signals that are most relevant for the model to make the decision. The model that yields the best result is a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with 84.3% accuracy.
Conclusion: The use of PMs using machine learning techniques for detecting OSA events still has a long way to go. However, our method for developing explainable DL models demonstrates that PMs appear to be a promising alternative to PSG in the future for the detection of obstructive apnea events and the automatic calculation of AHI.
Sleep is extremely important for physical and mental health. Although polysomnography is an established approach in sleep analysis, it is quite intrusive and expensive. Consequently, developing a non-invasive and non-intrusive home sleep monitoring system with minimal influence on patients, that can reliably and accurately measure cardiorespiratory parameters, is of great interest. The aim of this study is to validate a non-invasive and unobtrusive cardiorespiratory parameter monitoring system based on an accelerometer sensor. This system includes a special holder to install the system under the bed mattress. The additional aim is to determine the optimum relative system position (in relation to the subject) at which the most accurate and precise values of measured parameters could be achieved. The data were collected from 23 subjects (13 males and 10 females). The obtained ballistocardiogram signal was sequentially processed using a sixth-order Butterworth bandpass filter and a moving average filter. As a result, an average error (compared to reference values) of 2.24 beats per minute for heart rate and 1.52 breaths per minute for respiratory rate was achieved, regardless of the subject’s sleep position. For males and females, the errors were 2.28 bpm and 2.19 bpm for heart rate and 1.41 rpm and 1.30 rpm for respiratory rate. We determined that placing the sensor and system at chest level is the preferred configuration for cardiorespiratory measurement. Further studies of the system’s performance in larger groups of subjects are required, despite the promising results of the current tests in healthy subjects.
Die jüngeren Entscheidungen des EuGH sowie des BAG zur Arbeitszeiterfassung haben trotz ihrer eigentlich klaren Aussagen in der betrieblichen Praxis zu teils erheblichen Verunsicherungen geführt: Müssen nun wirklich die Arbeitszeiten der Beschäftigten erfasst werden und wie wirkt sich das auf die in vielen Unternehmen gelebte „Vertrauensarbeitszeit“ aus?
Urlaub, Urlaub und kein Ende – Die aktuelle Rechtslage auf Basis der Rechtsprechung von EuGH und BAG
(2023)
Die Relevanzanalyse
(2023)
Ordnungsgemäße Unternehmensführung ohne adäquates Risiko- und Compliance-Management ist kaum noch vor- und darstellbar. Rechtsprechung, Literatur, Politik und Gesellschaft stellen (mehr oder weniger) klare Anforderungen an ordnungsgemäßes unternehmerisches Verhalten und sanktionieren tatsächliche (und vermeintliche) Regelverstöße. Um die unternehmensspezifischen Risiken zu erfassen ist die Durchführung einer Risikoanalyse (Compliance Risk Assessment – CRA) unumgänglich1. Der eigentlichen Risikoanalyse ist eine Relevanzanalyse voranzustellen, um sich der bei unternehmerischen Aktivitäten naturgemäß nahezu unüberschaubaren potenziellen Risikomenge anzunähern und diese „abarbeitbar“ zu erfassen. Wird diese Relevanzanalyse professionell und strukturiert durchgeführt und dokumentiert, so kann sie einen wertvollen Beitrag zum Schutz und zur Hilfe gegen Compliance-Verstöße und deren Sanktionierung leisten. Der nachfolgende Beitrag stellt die Grundlagen, Ziele, Anforderungen und Ansätze der Relevanzanalyse dar. In einem weiteren Beitrag (erscheint in CB 11/2023) werden sich die Autoren der Durchführung der Relevanzanalyse widmen und Hinweise zu deren Ablauf und Inhalt geben.
Sanktionen gegen Russland
(2023)
Die EU hat aufgrund des völkerrechtswidrigen Angriffskrieges auf die Ukraine umfangreiche Sanktionen gegen Russland erlassen. Die Sanktionspakete umfassen insbesondere Wirtschaftssanktionen in Form von Einfuhr- und Ausfuhrbeschränkungen, die für deutsche Unternehmen mit unmittelbaren oder mittelbaren Geschäftsbeziehungen nach Russland von Bedeutung sind. Im Vordergrund der rechtlichen Thematik steht die Frage, ob und wann deutsche Unternehmen gegen EU-Sanktionen verstoßen. Aber auch deutsche Unternehmen mit Tochtergesellschaften in Drittstaaten stehen vor der großen Herausforderung, den Regelmechanismus der diversen Sanktionspakete zu durchleuchten, um sich nicht der Gefahr des Vorwurfs einer Umgehung der Sanktionen auszusetzen.
Die Relevanzanalyse
(2023)
Um unternehmensspezifische Risiken zu erfassen ist die Risikoanalyse unumgänglich. Ihr ist wiederum eine Relevanzanalyse voranzustellen. Nachdem im Heft 10 des Compliance Berater 2023, S. 400-404 die Grundlagen, Ziele, Anforderungen und Ansätze der Relevanzanalyse dargestellt wurden, widmet sich der nachfolgende Beitrag der Durchführung der Relevanzanalyse und gibt Hinweise zu deren Ablauf und Inhalt.
Compliance meets CSR
(2023)
Was früher Gegenstand freiwilliger Selbstverpflichtung war, wird seit einiger Zeit zunehmend reguliert: die Wahrnehmung der unternehmensspezifischen Verantwortung gegenüber Umwelt und Gesellschaft, neudeutsch Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR und Compliance rücken damit näher zusammen. Vieles, was früher durch CSR-Abteilungen im besten Fall systematisch gemanagt wurde, ist nun gesetzlich vorgeschrieben und fällt damit in den Aufgabenbereich von Compliance. Liegt es da nicht nahe, die beiden Bereiche miteinander zu verschmelzen respektive CSR dem Bereich unterzuordnen, der seit den spektakulären Korruptions- und Bilanzfälschungsskandalen zu Beginn dieses Jahrtausends über die größere Management-Awareness verfügt?
Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht deutlich zu machen, wie das Verhältnis sachlich-fachlich einzuordnen ist und welche Schlussfolgerungen in der Praxis daraus gezogen werden könnten.
Comparison of Data-Driven Modeling and Identification Approaches for a Self-Balancing Vehicle
(2023)
This paper gives a systematic comparison of different state–of–the–art modeling approaches and the corresponding parameter identification processes for a self–balancing vehicle. In detail, a nonlinear grey box model, its extension to consider friction effects, a parametric black box model based on regression neural networks, and a hybrid approach are presented. The parameters of the models are identified by solving a nonlinear least squares problem. The training, validation, and test datasets are collected in full–scale experiments using a self–balancing vehicle. The performance of the different models used for ego–motion prediction are compared in full–scale scenarios, as well. The investigated model architectures can be used to improve both, simulation environments and model–based controller design. This paper shows the upsides and downsides arising from using the different modeling approaches. Videos showing the self–balancing vehicle in action are available at: https://tinyurl.com/mvn8j7vf22nd
This paper compares novel methods to efficiently include input constraints using the nonlinear Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) approach. The MPPI algorithm solves stochastic optimal control problems and is based on sampled trajectories. MPPI results from the physical path integral framework. Sample-based algorithms are characterized by the fact that they can be computed in parallel and offer the possibility to handle discontinuous dynamics and cost functions. However, using standard MPPI the input costs in the Lagrange term have to be chosen quadratic. This fact is unfavorable for various real applications. Further, in standard nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) approaches hard box constraints on the control input trajectory can be treated directly. In this contribution, novel architectures based on integrator action are compared. The investigated input constraint MPPI controllers were tested on an autonomous self-balancing vehicle. Therefore both, simulation and real-world experiments are presented. This paper addresses the question of how the MPPI algorithm can be further developed to consider input box constraints. Videos of the self-balancing vehicle are available at: https: https://tinyurl.com/mvn8j7vf
Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) has now evolved into an imperative innovation practice of established companies. Despite organizational design models for CE activities and companies' frequent initiation of new activities, effectively managing them remains a challenging endeavor which results in disappointment about the outcomes of CE and its early termination. We assume specific types of goals for CE as one element of this unresolved management issue. While both practice and literature address goals in different contexts, no uniform picture has emerged so far. Although goals are commonly used to categorize CE activities, they seldomly seem to be the core subject of investigation. Based on this preliminary analysis and consolidation, we put the goals of CE in focus. In a systematic literature review, we reveal aspects of goals to unmask the different types of goals and their underlying dimensions and characteristics. Our review contributes to a better understanding of goals by (1) organizing relevant literature on goals of CE in a specific classification process, (2) describing dimensions and attributes for a systematic classification of CE goals; and (3) providing a framework showing differences of goals for the CE context. We conclude with a discussion and hints for future research paths.