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The cornerstone of cognitive systems is environment awareness which enables agile and adaptive use of channel resources. Whitespace prediction based on learning the statistics of the wireless traffic has proven to be a powerful tool to achieve such awareness. In this paper, we propose a novel Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based spectrum learning and prediction approach which accurately estimates the exact length of the whitespace in WiFi channels within the shared industrial scientific medical ISM) bands. We show that extending the number of hidden states and formulating the prediction problem as a maximum likelihood (ML) classification leads to a substantial increase in the prediction horizon compared to classical approaches that predict the immediate (short-term) future. We verify the proposed algorithm through simulations which utilize a model for WiFi traffic based on extensive measurement campaigns.
This article describes a research project that aims at investigating individual entrepreneurial founders concerning their shift tendencies of decision-making logics - especially during the respective phases of the venture creating process. Prior studies found that team founders show a hybrid perspective on strategic decision-making. They not only combine causation (planning-based) and effectuation (flexible) logics but also show logic shifts and also re-shifts over time. Due to the fact, that founders' social identity shapes early structuring processes, this article describes the necessity of elimination of in-group influences of multi-founding ventures and focus on individuals in order to make specific assessments on logic shifts and re-shifts. Based on an extensive literature review, a pre-selection-test and a qualitative case study design from the empirical body of the paper. Insofar, this study applies a qualitative design of a process research approach to investigate shifts of decision-making logics of individual founders in new venture creation over time.
This paper summarizes the trends in metallization and interconnection technology in the eyes of the participants of the 8th Metallization and Interconnection Workshop. Participants were asked in a questionnaire to share their view on the future development of metallization technology, the kind of metal used for front side metallization and the future development of interconnection technology. The continuous improvement of the screen-printing technology is reflected in the high expected percentage share decreasing from 88% in three years to still 70% in ten years. The dominating front side metal in the view of the participants will be silver with an expected percentage share of nearly 70% in 2029. Regarding interconnection technologies, the experts of the workshop expect new technologies to gain significant technology shares faster. Whereas in three years soldering on busbars is expected to dominate with a percentage share of 71% it will drop in ten years to 35% in the eyes of the participants. Multiwire and shingling technologies are seen to have the highest potential with expected percentage shares of 33% (multiwire) and 16% (shingling) in ten years.
A growing share of modern trade policy instruments is shaped by non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Based on a structural gravity equation and the recently updated Global Trade Alert database, we empirically investigate the effect of NTBs on imports. Our analysis reveals that the implementation of NTBs reduces imports of affected products by up to 12%. Their trade dampening effect is thus comparable to that of trade defence instruments such as anti-dumping duties. It is smaller for exporters that have a free trade agreement with the importing country. Different types of NTBs affect trade to a different extent. Finally, we investigate the effect of behind-the-border measures, showing that they significantly lower the importer’s market access.
This paper presents the integration of a spline based extension model into a probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter for extended targets. Using this filter the position and extension of each object as well as the number of present objects can jointly be estimated. Therefore, the spline extension model and the PHD filter are addressed and merged in a Gaussian mixture (GM) implementation. Simulation results using artificial laser measurements are used to evaluate the performance of the presented filter. Finally, the results are illustrated and discussed.
In the field of autonomously driving vehicles the environment perception containing dynamic objects like other road users is essential. Especially, detecting other vehicles in the road traffic using sensor data is of utmost importance. As the sensor data and the applied system model for the objects of interest are noise corrupted, a filter algorithm must be used to track moving objects. Using LIDAR sensors one object gives rise to more than one measurement per time step and is therefore called extended object. This allows to jointly estimate the objects, position, as well as its orientation, extension and shape. Estimating an arbitrary shaped object comes with a higher computational effort than estimating the shape of an object that can be approximated using a basic geometrical shape like an ellipse or a rectangle. In the case of a vehicle, assuming a rectangular shape is an accurate assumption.
A recently developed approach models the contour of a vehicle as periodic B-spline function. This representation is an easy to use tool, as the contour can be specified by some basis points in Cartesian coordinates. Also rotating, scaling and moving the contour is easy to handle using a spline contour. This contour model can be used to develop a measurement model for extended objects, that can be integrated into a tracking filter. Another approach modeling the shape of a vehicle is the so-called bounding box that represents the shape as rectangle.
In this thesis the basics of single, multi and extended object tracking, as well as the basics of B-spline functions are addressed. Afterwards, the spline measurement model is established in detail and integrated into an extended Kalman filter to track a single extended object. An implementation of the resulting algorithm is compared with the rectangular shape estimator. The implementation of the rectangular shape estimator is provided. The comparison is done using long-term considerations with Monte Carlo simulations and by analyzing the results of a single run. Therefore, both algorithms are applied to the same measurements. The measurements are generated using an artificial LIDAR sensor in a simulation environment.
In a real-world tracking scenario detecting several extended objects and measurements that do not originate from a real object, named clutter measurements, is possible. Also, the sudden appearance and disappearance of an object is possible. A filter framework investigated in recent years that can handle tracking multiple objects in a cluttered environment is a random finite set based approach. The idea of random finite sets and its use in a tracking filter is recapped in this thesis. Afterwards, the spline measurement model is included in a multi extended object tracking framework. An implementation of the resulting filter is investigated in a long-term consideration using Monte Carlo simulations and by analyzing the results of a single run. The multi extended object filter is also applied to artificial LIDAR measurements generated in a simulation environment.
The results of comparing the spline based and rectangular based extended object trackers show a more stable performance of the spline extended object tracker. Also, some problems that have to be addressed in future works are discussed. The investigation of the resulting multi extended object tracker shows a successful integration of the spline measurement model in a multi extended object tracker. Also, with these results some problems remain, that have to be solved in future works.
Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is experiencing continuously increasing interest from scholars and practitioners. One reason for this seems to be rooted in the organizational structures of established companies, which are cumbersome for implementing organizational agility and for developing radical innovations. In view of the advancing digitalization, however, exactly this is required in order to be successful in the long-term. CE is a promising managerial tool that offers a wide range of options to pursue the creation of new businesses and to support the companies' transformation in order to adapt to changes in the environment. Even though CE offers a broad range of opportunities, the effective management is a challenge. One reason for this is the ambiguity when it comes to the differences between the various CE forms and the objectives that can be achieved by those. This study, which is based on 13 in-depth interviews from eight high-tech companies, contributes to a better understanding of CE by offering a first harmonized set of CE objectives that is suitable to compare and differentiate across the different forms. In addition to that, three CE types, offering a new perspective on how to differentiate CE forms, are identified and give implications for a more effective management.
Due to the rising need for palliative care in Russia, it is crucial to provide timely and high-quality solutions for patients, relatives, and caregivers. A methodology for remote monitoring of patients in need of palliative care and the requirements will be developed for a hardware-software complex for remote monitoring of patients' health at home.
Business coaching is believed to effectively improve survival and success chances of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). However, not much empirical evidence on the support measure's effectiveness is available. Therefore, a pragmatic two-armed Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to test the effect of tactical business coaching on NTBF survival capabilities was designed and, for the most part, carried out. However, due to a lower than expected sample size and great attrition between groups, the RCT reveals deviations from the trial design that impede a thorough data assessment. Based on the data given, a first data analysis does not reveal significant differences in survival capability between the two groups. Thus, to provide guidance for future RCTs in business contexts, lessons learned about how to deal with trickle samples and experiment constellations with third parties carrying out the intervention are drawn.
At the University of Applied Sciences Konstanz, Germany, a modern electronically controlled dynamometer and several cars are available for tests. Numerous studies have been carried out, and the latest results will be presented. The paper is intended to explain different tests under load. One focus is the driving cycle WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle) and the requirements for the proper conduct of investigation with this driving cycle. Two and three wheelers have a great importance for mobility in various Asian countries. But also in other countries, this segment is very important for the so-called First or Last Mile Vehicles. Because of this, a short explanation of the driving cycle WMTC (Worldwide harmonized Motorcycle Emissions Certification/Test Procedure) is given. The various possibilities for the operation of the dynamometer and for carrying out various experiments are shown.
Other important figures that can be determined on a dynamometer are the wheel power, the power losses and eventually the engine performance. With the brake specific torque, the traction force at the propelled wheels, the maximum acceleration or maximum gradeability of a car can be determined.
As well the slippage related to load can be measured on the dynamometer. The dynamic wheel radius of the driven wheels has a significant influence on the slippage. Because of the temperature increase of the tires during the tests the tire pressure increases. A rise of tire temperature, tire pressure, and wheel speed results in an increase of the dynamic wheel radius and slippage. Equations for the determination of the dynamic wheel radius are presented.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affect a large number of children both in the Russian Federation and in Germany. Early diagnosis is key for these children, because the sooner parents notice such disorders in a child and the rehabilitation and treatment program starts, the higher the likelihood of his social adaptation. The difficulties in raising such a child lie in the complexity of his learning outside of children's groups and the complexity of his medical care. In this regard, the development of digital applications that facilitate medical care and education of such children at home is important and relevant. The purpose of the project is to improve the availability and quality of healthcare and social adaptation at home of children with ASD through the use of digital technologies.
Summary of the 8th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
(2019)
This article gives a summary of the 8th Metallization and Interconnection workshop and attempts to place each contribution in the appropriate context. The field of metallization and interconnection continues to progress at a very fast pace. Several printing techniques can now achieve linewidths below 20 μm. Screen printing is more than ever the dominating metallization technology in the industry, with finger widths of 45 μm in routine mass production and values below 20 μm in the lab. Plating technology is also being improved, particularly through the development of lower cost patterning techniques. Interconnection technology is changing fast, with introduction in mass production of multiwire and shingled cells technologies. New models and characterization techniques are being introduced to study and understand in detail these new interconnection technologies.
This paper presents a new likelihood-based partitioning method of the measurement set for the extended object probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter framework. Recent work has mostly relied on heuristic partitioning methods that cluster the measurement data based on a distance measure between the single measurements. This can lead to poor filter performance if the tracked extended objects are closely spaced. The proposed method called Stochastic Partitioning (StP) is based on sampling methods and was inspired by a former work of Granström et. al. In this work, the StP method is applied to a Gaussian inverse Wishart (GIW) PHD filter and compared to a second filter implementation that uses the heuristic Distance Partitioning (DP) method. The performance is evaluated in Monte Carlo simulations in a scenario where two objects approach each other. It is shown that the sampling based StP method leads to an improved filter performance compared to DP.
These days, medical applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs) can be found in cardiovascular devices, gastroenterology and urology as well as in the area of orthopedic implants, orthodontic devices and clinical instrumentation. Their functional properties combined with excellent biocompatibility increase the possibility and the performance of minimally invasive surgeries. Overviews of existing applications can be found in [1-2]. Within the medical field, most of the applications with shape memory (SM) material take advantage of the superelasticity of NiTi SMAs. In contradiction to the superelastic or mechanical SM effect, the application described in this study uses the thermal SM effect for a new medical implant. Before explaining the SM driven intramedullary bone nail in detail, a short introduction to the bone elongation technique is given.
The background of this application on based in the medical fact that normally any tissue reacts to an injury with repair and healing processes through multiplication of cells. If after a transverse osteotomy a strain stimulus is activated, for example by tensile stress, this multiplication of cells and new formation of tissue may be continued for any length of time. Due to this mechanism, even considerable loss of bone caused by fractures or congenital defective positions, may be compensated without bone grafts. The technique of callus distraction by means of external fixation or intramedullary nail stimulates the formation of callus in the bone gap. Callus is the repair tissue of the bone generated in the fracture gap in case of bone fracture or osteotomy. The gap to be bridged should not be wider than 1 mm per day [3]. The process starts with the exudation of callus around the ends of the broken bone. At first, callus is more like a fibrous tissue. Later it hardens due to deposition of calcium and eventually it is converted into true bone. Three weeks after severance, the vascular system is formed. An overview of current bone lengthening techniques, also called callus distraction, can be found in [3]. External systems are normally used for the extension of bones, the bone fragments being fixed on rings by wires. The decisive disadvantages of those external systems are primarily the considerable risk of infection due to protruding wires, noticeable discomfort for the patient because of the external rings, a coarse cosmetic result because of scarring, as well as rather long hospitalization.
Therefore, internal bone extension systems are of great interest to orthopedic surgery.
When a country grants preferential tariffs to another, either reciprocally in a free trade agreement (FTA) or unilaterally, rules of origin (RoOs) are defined to determine whether a product is eligible for preferential treatment. RoOs exist to avoid that exports from third countries enter through the member with the lowest tariff (trade deflection). However, RoOs distort exporters' sourcing decisions and burden them with red tape. Using a global data set, we show that, for 86% of all bilateral product-level comparisons within FTAs, trade deflection is not profitable because external tariffs are rather similar and transportation costs are non-negligible; in the case of unilateral trade preferences extended by rich countries to poor ones that ratio is a striking 98%. The pervasive and unconditional use of RoOs is, therefore, hard to rationalize.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine visitor management in the German-Swiss border area of the Lake Constance region. Taking a customer perspective, it determines the requirements for an application with the ability to optimize personal mobility.
Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative study and a survey of focus groups were conducted to identify movement patterns of different types of visitors and their requirements concerning the development of a visitor management application.
Findings – Visitors want an application that provides real-time forecasts of issues such as traffic, parking and queues and, at the same time, enables them to create a personal activity schedule based on this information.
Research limitations/implications – Not every subsample reached a sufficient number of cases to yield representative results.
Practical implications – The results may lead to an optimization and management separation of mobility flows in the research area and be helpful to municipal planners, destination marketing organizations and visitors.
Originality/value – The German border cities of Konstanz, Radolfzell and Singen in the Lake Constance region need improved visitor management, mainly because of a high level of shopping tourism by Swiss visitors to Germany. In the Summer months, Lake Constance is also a popular destination for leisure tourists, which causes overtourism. For the first time, the results of this research presented here offer possible solutions, in particular by showing how a mobile application for visitors could defuse the situation.
Drawing on a rich body of multimethod field research, this book examines the ways in which Indonesian and Philippine religious actors have fostered conflict resolution and under what conditions these efforts have been met with success or limited success.
The book addresses two central questions: In what ways, and to what extent, have post-conflict peacebuilding activities of Christian churches contributed to conflict transformation in Mindanao (Philippines) and Maluku (Indonesia)? And to what extent have these church-based efforts been affected by specific economic, political, or social contexts? Based on extensive fieldwork, the study operates with a nested, multi-dimensional, and multi-layered methodological concept which combines qualitative and quantitative methods. Major findings are that church-based peace activities do matter, that they have higher approval rates than state projects, and that they have fostered interreligious understanding.
Through innovative analysis, this book fills a lacuna in the study of ethno-religious conflicts. Informed by the novel Comparative Area Studies (CAS) approach, this book is strictly comparative, includes in-case and cross-case comparisons, and bridges disciplinary research with Area Studies. It will be of interest to academics in the fields of conflict and peacebuilding studies, interreligious dialogue, Southeast Asian Studies, and Asian Politics.