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Sustainable technologies are being increasingly used in various areas of human life. While they have a multitude of benefits, they are especially useful in health monitoring, especially for certain groups of people, such as the elderly. However, there are still several issues that need to be addressed before its use becomes widespread. This work aims to clarify the aspects that are of great importance for increasing the acceptance of the use of this type of technology in the elderly. In addition, we aim to clarify whether the technologies that are already available are able to ensure acceptable accuracy and whether they could replace some of the manual approaches that are currently being used. A two-week study with people 65 years of age and over was conducted to address the questions posed here, and the results were evaluated. It was demonstrated that simplicity of use and automatic functioning play a crucial role. It was also concluded that technology cannot yet completely replace traditional methods such as questionnaires in some areas. Although the technologies that were tested were classified as being “easy to use”, the elderly population in the current study indicated that they were not sure that they would use these technologies regularly in the long term because the added value is not always clear, among other issues. Therefore, awareness-raising must take place in parallel with the development of technologies and services.
Generalized Concatenated Codes over Gaussian and Eisenstein Integers for Code-Based Cryptography
(2021)
The code-based McEliece and Niederreiter cryptosystems are promising candidates for post-quantum public-key encryption. Recently, q-ary concatenated codes over Gaussian integers were proposed for the McEliece cryptosystem together with the one-Mannheim error channel, where the error values are limited to Mannheim weight one. Due to the limited error values, the codes over Gaussian integers achieve a higher error correction capability than maximum distance separable (MDS) codes with bounded minimum distance decoding. This higher error correction capability improves the work factor regarding decoding attacks based on information-set decoding. The codes also enable a low complexity decoding algorithm for decoding beyond the guaranteed error correction capability. In this work, we extend this coding scheme to codes over Eisenstein integers. These codes have advantages for the Niederreiter system. Additionally, we propose an improved code construction based on generalized concatenated codes. These codes extent the rate region where the work factor is beneficial compared to MDS codes. Moreover, generalized concatenated codes are more robust against structural attacks than ordinary concatenated codes.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Konzeption eines untergeordneten Stadtbusnetzes der Stadt Konstanz. Dabei wurde auf einem bereits entwickelten Entwurf eines übergeordneten Netzes aufgesetzt. Durch die Kombination dieser beiden entstand ein Gesamtbusnetz.
Im ersten Schritt wurde eine breit gefächerte Bestandsanalyse durchgeführt, inbegriffen war dabei eine Analyse des übergeordneten Busnetzes. Die gebündelten Ergebnisse gaben den Rahmen für die Konzeption vor. Danach folgte der schrittweise Entwurf der einzelnen Linien des untergeordneten Netzes. Im letzten Schritt der Konzeption wurden die Linien an wichtigen Umsteigeknoten und Parkräumen aufeinander abgestimmt.
Aus der genannten Analyse resultierten diverse Anforderungen für die Konzeption eines neuen Busnetzes. Hierbei konnte die Anbindung an die Bahn und das neu entstehende Mobilitätszentrum besonders hervorgehoben werden. Das Ergebnis der Konzeption waren elf Buslinien, die dem untergeordneten Netz zugewiesen werden können. Gemeinsam mit den fünf Linien des übergeordneten Entwurfs bilden sie ein Gesamtstadtbusnetz. Dabei wurden die Streckenverläufe der Linien aufeinander abgestimmt, sodass ein breitgefächertes Netz an Direktverbindungen entstehen konnte. Mithilfe der Abstimmung an Umsteigeknoten konnten sinnvolle Umsteigerelationen geschaffen werden, wodurch die Direktverbindungen zu einer flächendeckenden Anbindung der Stadtteile an relevante Ziele im Stadtgebiet erweitert wurden.
Auf theoretischer Ebene wurde hier aufgezeigt, wie ein neues Buskonzept der Stadt Konstanz gestaltet sein kann. Das vorliegende Konzept sollte in einer separaten Arbeit auf eine tatsächliche Umsetzbarkeit geprüft werden.
Optimierungsansätze zur Verbesserung der Leistungsbeschreibungen bei öffentlichen Bauvorhaben
(2021)
Elbphilharmonie, BER, Bischofsresistenz Limburg, Stuttgart 21, Alter Elbtunnel Hamburg. Alles bekannte deutsche Bauprojekte der letzten 20 Jahre. Alle mit einer Gemeinsamkeit: Exorbitante Kostenexplosionen und Bauzeitenverzögerungen.
In dieser Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, weshalb solche Kostenexplosionen auch aufgrund von Unklarheiten bzw. Fehlern in Leistungsbeschreibungen entstehen und welches enorme Potential klare und erschöpfende Leistungsbeschreibungen haben, um bereits im Vorfeld eines Bauvorhabens die Weichen für einen reibungslosen und erfolgreichen Projektverlauf zu stellen.
Many countries offer state credit guarantees to support credit-constrained exporters. The policy instrument is commonly justified by governments as a means to mitigating adverse outcomes of financial market frictions for exporting firms. Accumulated returns to the German state credit guarantee scheme deriving from risk-compensating premia have outweighed accumulated losses over the past 60 years. Why do private financial agents not step in and provide insurance given that the state-run program yields positive returns? We argue that costs of risk diversification, liquidity management, and coordination among creditors limit the ability of private financial agents to offer comparable insurance products. Moreover, we suggest that the government’s greater effectiveness in recovering claims in foreign countries endows the state with a cost advantage in dealing with the risks involved in large export projects. We test these hypotheses using monthly firm-level data combined with official transaction-level data on covered exports of German firms and find suggestive evidence that positive effects on trade are due to mitigated financial constraints: State credit guarantees benefit firms that are dependent on external finance, if the value at risk which they seek to cover is large, and at times when refinancing conditions on the private financial market are tight.
Modular arithmetic over integers is required for many cryptography systems. Montgomeryreduction is an efficient algorithm for the modulo reduction after a multiplication. Typically, Mont-gomery reduction is used for rings of ordinary integers. In contrast, we investigate the modularreduction over rings of Gaussian integers. Gaussian integers are complex numbers where the real andimaginary parts are integers. Rings over Gaussian integers are isomorphic to ordinary integer rings.In this work, we show that Montgomery reduction can be applied to Gaussian integer rings. Twoalgorithms for the precision reduction are presented. We demonstrate that the proposed Montgomeryreduction enables an efficient Gaussian integer arithmetic that is suitable for elliptic curve cryptogra-phy. In particular, we consider the elliptic curve point multiplication according to the randomizedinitial point method which is protected against side-channel attacks. The implementation of thisprotected point multiplication is significantly faster than comparable algorithms over ordinary primefields.
Beim data-driven learning (DDL) werden Lernerinnen und Lerner angeleitet, sprachliche Muster mit Hilfe von Korpuswerkzeugen zu entdecken und eigene Korpusabfragen durchzuführen. Am Beispiel einer Unterrichtseinheit für den Wirtschaftsdeutsch-Unterricht wird der Einsatz von DDL erläutert. Es wird deutlich, welche Chancen korpuslinguistische Verfahren bieten, aber auch, welche Probleme beim DDL auftreten können. Vor allem für die Planung des Fachsprachenunter-richts können korpuslinguistische Analysen hilfreich sein: Zu nennen sind die Bedarfsermittlung, die Auswahl von Materialien, die Identifizierung von typischem Wortschatz und häufigen Mustern sowie die Erstellung von Übungsmaterialien. Das Praxisbeispiel, das auf andere Kontexte übertragen werden kann, illustriert, wie sich korpuslinguistische Verfahren und DDL auf die Unterrichtsplanung und -durchführung auswirken: Sprache wird als Datenmenge betrachtet; der Fokus liegt auf sprachlichen Mustern; Fragen nach der Korrektheit bzw. der Angemessenheit werden thematisiert.
The McEliece cryptosystem is a promising candidate for post-quantum public-key encryption. In this work, we propose q-ary codes over Gaussian integers for the McEliece system and a new channel model. With this one Mannheim error channel, errors are limited to weight one. We investigate the channel capacity of this channel and discuss its relation to the McEliece system. The proposed codes are based on a simple product code construction and have a low complexity decoding algorithm. For the one Mannheim error channel, these codes achieve a higher error correction capability than maximum distance separable codes with bounded minimum distance decoding. This improves the work factor regarding decoding attacks based on information-set decoding.
Zur Erfassung von Veränderungen der Produkteigenschaften während der Trocknung von Lebensmitteln werden zerstörungsfreie Qualitätsmesstechniken gefordert, mit denen Veränderungen im Inneren des Produkts bestimmt werden können. Gerade im industriellen Einsatz sind schnelle, präzise, und gleichzeitig robuste Verfahren besonders wichtig, um qualitativ hochwertige Produkte zu erhalten.
In dieser Arbeit wurde zur optischen Qualitätsmessung ein neuartiges multispektrales Kamerasystem eingesetzt, um von Veränderungen der spektralen Oberflächenreflexion bei der Mango- und Ananastrocknung mit Veränderungen der Produktfeuchte, sowie mechanischen und chemischen Eigenschaften zu verknüpfen. Diese Verknüpfung wurde mit maschinellem Lernen erreicht.
In einem ersten Schritt wurde ein neues Kameraprinzip, eine multispektrale Flächenkamera mit vier Objektiven und Vorsatzfiltern, entwickelt und speziell auf den Einsatz in der Obsttrocknung angepasst. Anschließend wurden die Änderungen der Spektren und der Qualitätskriterien während der Trocknung gemessen. Dazu wurden Mango- und Ananasscheiben in einem Einzelschichttrockner bei Lufttemperaturen zwischen 40 °C und 80 °C und relativen Luftfeuchtigkeiten von 5 % bis 30 % getrocknet. Während der gesamten Trocknungsdauer wurde die Produktfeuchte der Proben gemessen, und Bilder mit der multispektralen Flächenkamera aufgenommen. Zur Analysen von nur ausgewählten Bereichen von Interesse in den Bildern wurde ein Softwarefilter entwickelt. Aus Spektraldaten und Prozessdaten konnte mit Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens die Produktfeuchte zu jedem Zeitpunkt sehr genau vorhergesagt werden (Bestimmtheitsmaß R² von 0,98 bis 0,99). Die Kombination aus dem Prinzip der multispektralen Flächenkamera und maschinellem Lernen wurde in einem anderen Trocknungsprozess und mit weiteren Qualitätskriterien getestet. Dafür wurden Mangoscheiben in einem Schranktrockner getrocknet und deren Produkteigenschaften anhand der Spektraldaten und der Prozessdaten vorhergesagt. Bei der Vorhersage der Farbwerte Δa*, Δb* und ΔE00 sowie des Gehalts an gesamtlöslichen Feststoffen im Rehydrierungswasser wurden Bestimmtheitsmaße R² zwischen 0,56 und 0,94 erzielt).
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Kombination aus dem neu entwickelten Multispektralkamerasystem und maschinellem Lernen zur Vorhersage der Produktfeuchte und anderer Qualitätskriterien der Produkte eingesetzt werden kann. Auf diese Weise können Qualitätsänderungen während des Prozesses mit nur wenigen Messgeräten inline überwacht werden.
In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst ein einführender Überblick über die Thematik eines Marketing-Controlling spezifischen Rechtsrahmens gegeben. Da die Datenerhebung, -verarbeitung und -analyse stets die Hauptfunktionsmerkmale eines Marketing-Controllings sind, stehen nach diesem Überblick die Rechtsgrundlagen eines Datenschutzes im Mittelpunkt der folgenden Ausführungen.
Dieses Forschungsvorhaben zielt darauf ab, individuelle Entrepreneure hinsichtlich ihrer Veränderungstendenzen zur Nutzung der Entscheidungslogik Effectuation und Causation zu untersuchen – insbesondere während des Gründungsprozesses. Basierend auf einem qualitativen Fallstudiendesign zeigen sowohl fallinterne als auch fallübergreifende Analysen, wie Entrepreneure zunächst an der effektuativen Logik festhalten und im Gründungsverlauf zu hybriden Logikformen übergehen. Der Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der Forschung zielt in drei Richtungen: Erstens schließt die Arbeit Lücken in der Effectuation-Forschung, indem sie Entscheidungsfindung von Unternehmensgründern auf individueller Ebene spezifiziert. Zweitens ermöglicht die Fokussierung auf die einzelnen Gründungsphasen ein besseres Verständnis der Veränderungstendenzen einschließlich der Kausalzusammenhänge (wann, wie und warum). Insbesondere werden Erkenntnisse zur Auffälligkeit von Veränderungssprüngen von einer Phase zur anderen geliefert. Drittens kann durch die Beleuchtung der verschiedenen Subdimensionen von Effectuation und Causation ihre zunehmend hybride Verwendung im Zeitverlauf der Gründung das Verständnis für transformative Prozesse entwickeln.
This paper introduces the concept of Universal Memory Automata (UMA) and automated compilation of Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) code at Register Transfer Level (RTL) from UMA graphs for digital designs. The idea is based on the observation that Push Down Automata (PDA) are able to process the Dyk-Language - commonly known as the balanced bracket problem - with a finite set of states while Finite State Machines (FSM) require an infinite set of states. Since infinite sets of states are not applicable to real designs, PDAs appear promising for types of problems similar to the Dyk-Language. PDAs suffer from the problem that complex memory operations need to be emulated by a specific stack management. The presented UMA therefore extends the PDA by other types of memory, e.g. Queue, RAM or CAM. Memories that are eligible for UMAs are supposed to have at least one read and one write port and a one-cycle read/write latency. With their modified state-transfer- and output-function, UMAs are able to operate user-defined numbers, configurations and types of memories. Proof of concept is given by an implementation of a cache coherency protocol, i.e. a practical problem in microprocessor design.
Botswana is a country in southern Africa with rich mineral resources, which has built its economy on mining. Due to challenges in the upcoming years caused by climate and demographic change, it aims to move away from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy in the long term. In order to support the
process, the Maun Science Park, a centre for research and development is planned to be created in Maun, a town on the edge of the Okavango Delta. The project is initiated by the “International Resilience and Sustainability Partnership” (inRES), a non-governmental organization. The project is currently in the initiation phase.
The purpose of this thesis is to determine a cost framework with exemplary developer calculation and sensitivity analysis for the Maun Science Park Project in Botswana. Therefor, a source research was performed in a first step. Based on this, interviews were conducted with members of the inRES. Based on the data
obtained and further assumptions, a cost framework for the different project phases of the MSP project was established. Subsequently, a developer calculation
was exemplarily carried out on the basis of the project phase 2 and a sensitivity analysis was performed.
During the interviews, data was collected on the different project phases. It became clear that the interview partners had partly inconsistent perceptions
about different project phases. The calculation can be used as a basis for further calculation at the time of concretization of the planning data.
Urban car-free mobility
(2021)
Across the globe, urban areas experience the phenomena of rising road-congestion, air pollution and car accidents. These are just a few popular quantified effects that arise due to rapid, uncoordinated urbanization on a car-centric city layout. There is an urgent need to consider new concepts of urban mobility development to combat these negative effects. Car-free mobility is one notion adopted in diverse formats by numerous cities to create a more inclusive, just, healthy and sustainable urban life. The focus of this thesis is to ex- amine whether a car-free mobility concept is applicable to the Maun Science Park, Bot- swana. Therefore, the idea of car-free mobility, its positive aspects as well as its con- straints, are described first. This illustrates the complexity of urban transport planning as it is intertwined with urban land-use, political vision and people’s perceptions and behav- iors. Secondly, examples and strategies on how to change existing structures are pre- sented. Following this, the smart developments in the field of sustainable urban mobility are considered to provide an insight into their assets and drawbacks. Then the local mo- bility conditions are examined before the car-free concept is exemplarily applied to the Maun Science Park via scenario construction. These scenarios give a first vision of how a car-free concept can be applied to the MSP and additionally provide a starting point for future strategic planning as well as inspiration for other cities to follow along.
The present work proposes the use of modern ICT technologies such as smartphones, NFCs, internet, and web technologies, to help patients in carrying out their therapies. The implemented system provides a calendar with a reminder of the assumptions, ensures the drug identification through NFC, allows remote assistance from healthcare staff and family members to check and manage the therapy in real-time. The system also provides centralized information on the patient's therapeutic situation, helpful in choosing new compatible therapies.
A nonlinear mathematical model for the dynamics of permanent magnet synchronous machines with interior magnets is discussed. The model of the current dynamics captures saturation and dependency on the rotor angle. Based on the model, a flatness-based field-oriented closed-loop controller and a feed-forward compensation of torque ripples are derived. Effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithms are demonstrated by simulation results.
With the increasing challenges of the 21st century, such as a rapidly growing population, increasing hunger and the destruction of the environment, the demand for sustainable and future-oriented ways of living is growing. To meet this demand, a residential district named Maun Science Park is being built in Botswana to develop a resilient society. In addition to the application of modern technology to optimise the use of resources, the environmentally friendly construction of the buildings is another goal of the project. This thesis investigates the prefabrication of rammed earth in terms of implementation and profitability for the Maun Science Park.
For this purpose, the specific properties, handling, as well as the application of the building material in prefabrication are first discussed.
This is followed by an investigation of how the work processes of prefabrication can be implemented in the Maun Science Park. Based on this, a profitability test is carried out using a break-even and sensitivity analysis.
The analyses showed that the investment in prefabrication is not profitable within the assumed production volume, which is due to the high fixed costs. These are primarily generated by the two main cost drivers, consisting of the new construction of the production hall and the rental of heavy construction equipment.
Lastly, recommendations for action were formulated that provide for a cost reduction in both the two main cost drivers as well as for other decisive factors.
In Maun, Botswana, a self-sufficient, sustainable and future-oriented district will be created, the Maun Science Park. Within this project, several 5-8 storey smart homes shall be built in sustainable construction. The aim of this thesis is to develop a sustainable structural concept for those homes of the Maun Science Park. In a first step, the general basics for tall building structures and sustainable construction were established. Based on those fundamentals, criteria for the structural requirements, the ecological as well as the social sustainability of a structural design could be defined. Subsequently, four structural systems were drafted: a concrete core structure, a steel shear frame structure, a rammed earth shear wall structure and a wooden diagrid structure. In addition to the pre-dimensioning of the systems, a life cycle assessment was set up to evaluate the ecological sustainability of the designs. With the help of a utility value analysis, the wooden diagrid structure was determined as the preferred variant. The comparison of the designs also allows to draw general conclusions for the development of sustainable tall building structures. The results of the life cycle assessment show the advantage of wood as an ecological building material over industrially manufactured building materials, such as steel and concrete. Whereas rammed earth, a likewise ecological building material, is not convincing due to its low strength. In general, a balance is created in the life cycle assessment between ecological and industrially manufactured products in regard of strength and environmental impact. In terms of social sustainability, the design of the structure system can significantly influence the flexibility and use of local resources. However, due to the diversity of sustainable construction, the development of a structural system should be linked to an overarching sustainability concept that takes architecture and stakeholders into account.
Ballistocardiography (BCG) can be used to monitor heart rate activity. Besides, the accelerometer should have high sensitivity and minimal internal noise; a low-cost approach was taken into consideration. Several measurements have been executed to determine the optimal positioning of a sensor under the mattress to obtain a signal strong enough for further analysis. A prototype for an unobtrusive accelerometer-based measurement system has been developed and tested in a conventional bed without any specific extras. The influence of the human sleep position for the output accelerometer data was tested. The obtained results indicate the potential to capture BCG signals using accelerometers. The measurement system can detect heart rate in an unobtrusive form in the home environment.
We compared vulnerable and fixed versions of the source code of 50 different PHP open source projects based on CVE reports for SQL injection vulnerabilities. We scanned the source code with commercial and open source tools for static code analysis. Our results show that five current state-of-the-art tools have issues correctly marking vulnerable and safe code. We identify 25 code patterns that are not detected as a vulnerability by at least one of the tools and 6 code patterns that are mistakenly reported as a vulnerability that cannot be confirmed by manual code inspection. Knowledge of the patterns could help vendors of static code analysis tools, and software developers could be instructed to avoid patterns that confuse automated tools.
Einsatz von Bankettbeton bei schmalen und stark beanspruchten Ortsverbindungs- und Kreisstraßen
(2021)
The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB): an update that includes the years of the Trump presidency
(2021)
In der Nachhaltigkeits-Diskussion spielen anthropogene Treibhausgasemissionen durch den von ihnen hervorgerufenen Klimawandel eine entscheidende Rolle. Im Zuge dessen entscheidet sich die Hochschule Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung in Konstanz (HTWG), eine jährliche Treibhausgasbilanzierung zu erstellen. Durch die jährliche Erfassung der hochschulbezogenen Emissionen erfolgt das Monitoring (dt.: Überwachung).
Die Bilanzierung und Überwachung der durch die Hochschule und ihren Betrieb verursachten Treibhausgasemissionen (THG-Emissionen) dienen als Ausgangspunkt für lokalen Klima-schutz. Die wesentlichen Handlungsfelder werden durch das Identifizieren der Hauptursachen für Treibhausgasemissionen ermittelt und setzen den Startpunkt für die Planung, Auswahl und Umsetzung von Klimaschutzaktivitäten. Durch eine langfristige und regelmäßige Überwachung der Emissionen trägt die HTWG auch über ihre lokalen Systemgrenzen hinaus zum gesellschaftlichen Umweltbewusstsein bei.
Um das Erreichen dieses Ziels zu unterstützen, wird im Rahmen der vorliegenden Abschlussarbeit ein Pflichtenheft erstellt. Dieses enthält eine Ausarbeitung über die erforderlichen Organisations- und Arbeitsstrukturen für das Monitoring der THG-Emissionen. Des Weiteren erfolgt mit der Status-Quo-Abschätzung der THG-Emissionen des festgelegten Basisjahres 2019 die erste exemplarische Praxisanwendung des Pflichtenheftes. Das Monitoring wird mit der Zielsetzung einer maßnahmen- und umsetzungsorientierten Anwendung konzeptioniert, dessen jährliche Erhebung mit einem vertretbaren Aufwand zu realisieren ist.
Der Inhalt dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der Verwendung von regionalen Ressourcen in Form von Erde. Diese soll als Baumaterial unter Anwendung der Stampflehmbauweise für
ökologischeres Bauen dienen. Damit der Baustoff den Ansprüchen heutiger Bauaufgaben gerecht wird, wird untersucht, mit welchen nachhaltigen Methoden die Erde stabilisiert werden kann. Darüber hinaus wird nach einem zukunftsweisenden Fertigungsverfahren
für den Stampflehmbau gesucht. Die Nutzung und Kombination dieser Aspekte bezeichnen wir als Erdbau 4.0, welcher unter anderem für das Maun Sciene Park Projekt in Botswana infrage kommen könnte.
The last decades have shown that the volume of tourism, in general, is constantly increasing (with some justified exceptions). To offer a possibility of travel for all groups of people, it is necessary to pay attention to accessibility. One of the possibilities for increasing accessibility is digital technologies, which could assist in planning and the implementation and completion of trips. To make a selection of technologies, first, a study of barriers was conducted, which was then analyzed, and finally, some technologies were made available in a test setup. A focus on two technologies was made: 360°-Tours and mobile app with the travel information. The two technologies were implemented and presented to the test subjects.
The evaluation results showed that both technologies could increase accessibility if some essential aspects (such as usability, completeness, relevance, etc.) are considered during the implementation.
The development of home health systems can provide continuous and user-friendly monitoring of key health parameters. This project aims to create a concept for such a system, implement it on a test basis, and evaluate it. Three health areas were selected for this purpose:
Sleep, Stress, and Rehabilitation. Appropriate devices were installed in the homes of test subjects and used by them for two weeks. Besides, relevant questionnaires were completed to obtain a complete picture. Finally, the implemented system was evaluated, and the results of the conducted study showed that home health systems have great potential. However, it is necessary to consider some points to increase the usability of the system and the motivation of the users. Among others, ease of use of the equipment is of extreme importance.
Health monitoring in a home environment can have broader use since it may provide continuous control of health parameters with relatively minor intrusiveness into regular life. This work aims to verify if it is possible to replace the typical in some sleep medicine areas subjective questioning by an objective measurement using electronic devices. For this purpose, a study was conducted with ten subjects, in which objective and subjective measurement of relevant sleep parameters took place. The results of both measurement methods were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that while for some measures, such as Total Time in Bed, there is a high agreement between objective and subjective measurements, for others, such as sleep quality, there are significant differences. For this reason, currently, a combination of both measurement methods may be beneficial and provide the most detailed results, while a partial replacement can already reduce the number of questions at the subjective measurement by measurement through electronic devices.
Twenty-first century infrastructure needs to respond to changing demographics, becoming climate neutral, resilient, and economically affordable, while remaining a driver for development and shared prosperity. However, the infrastructure sector remains one of the least innovative and digitalized, plagued by delays, cost overruns, and benefit shortfalls. The authors assessed trends and barriers in the planning and delivery of infrastructure based on secondary research, qualitative
interviews with internationally leading experts, and expert workshops. The analysis concludes that the root-cause of the industry’s problems is the prevailing fragmentation of the infrastructure value chain and a lacking long-term vision for infrastructure. To help overcome these challenges, an integration of the value chain is needed. The authors propose that this could be achieved through a use-case-based, as well as vision and governance-driven creation of federated digital platforms applied to infrastructure projects and outline a concept. Digital platforms enable full-lifecycle participation and responsible governance guided by a shared infrastructure vision. This paper has contributed as policy recommendation to the Group of Twenty (G20) in 2021.
Introduction. Despite its high accuracy, polysomnography (PSG) has several drawbacks for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Consequently, multiple portable monitors (PMs) have been proposed. Objective. This systematic review aims to investigate the current literature to analyze the sets of physiological parameters captured by a PM to select the minimum number of such physiological signals while maintaining accurate results in OSA detection. Methods. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of publications were established prior to the search. The evaluation of the publications was made based on one central question and several specific questions. Results. The abilities to detect hypopneas, sleep time, or awakenings were some of the features studied to investigate the full functionality of the PMs to select the most relevant set of physiological signals. Based on the physiological parameters collected (one to six), the PMs were classified into sets according to the level of evidence. The advantages and the disadvantages of each possible set of signals were explained by answering the research questions proposed in the methods. Conclusions. The minimum number of physiological signals detected by PMs for the detection of OSA depends mainly on the purpose and context of the sleep study. The set of three physiological signals showed the best results in the detection of OSA.
Identifikation von Schlaf- und Wachzuständen durch die Auswertung von Atem- und Bewegungssignalen
(2021)
In this paper, a novel measurement model based on spherical double Fourier series (DFS) for estimating the 3D shape of a target concurrently with its kinematic state is introduced. Here, the shape is represented as a star-convex radial function, decomposed as spherical DFS. In comparison to ordinary DFS, spherical DFS do not suffer from ambiguities at the poles. Details will be given in the paper. The shape representation is integrated into a Bayesian state estimator framework via a measurement equation. As range sensors only generate measurements from the target side facing the sensor, the shape representation is modified to enable application of shape symmetries during the estimation process. The model is analyzed in simulations and compared to a shape estimation procedure using spherical harmonics. Finally, shape estimation using spherical and ordinary DFS is compared to analyze the effect of the pole problem in extended object tracking (EOT) scenarios.
SyNumSeS is a Python package for numerical simulation of semiconductor devices. It uses the Scharfetter-Gummel discretization for solving the one dimensional Van Roosbroeck system which describes the free electron and hole transport by the drift-diffusion model. As boundary conditions voltages can be applied to Ohmic contacts. It is suited for the simulation of pn-diodes, MOS-diodes, LEDs (hetero junction), solar cells, and (hetero) bipolar transistors.
This paper describes the rationale and the development of a structured digital approach for measuring corporate environmental sustainability using performance metrics.
It is impossible to imagine today's age without the preservation of our environment, not even in the corporate environment. Currently, sustainability is mostly only rudimentarily considered in companies, mostly only with written down phrases on the website. This will no longer be sufficient in the future, which is why companies should record sustainability on a numerical basis. Based on the development of a workable concept for companies, a small empirical study was carried out, which can be used to numerically measure the sustainability performance of companies. Two utility analyses were completed.
One of them was supplemented by expert interviews. Well-known practitioners from the business world were interviewed and asked for their assessment of ecological performance indicators. The result of the research is an indicator-based concept that can be applied in corporate practice to determine ecological sustainability performance.
Im Zuge zunehmender Effizienzbestrebungen in produzierenden Unternehmen spielt auch die Optimierung von indirekten Wertschöpfungsprozessen eine immer größere Rolle. Neben einer ansteigenden Aufgabenvielfalt stellt ein parallel wachsender Kostendruck eine doppelte Herausforderung dar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Einkaufsbereiche entsprechender Organisationen, welche an der Schnittstelle zwischen der unternehmensinternen und -externen Wertschöpfungskette operieren und an dieser einen essenziellen Beitrag auch im Sinne des Informationsflusses zur Unterstützung eines integrierten Supply Chain Managements darstellen. Um diesen zu begegnen, ist es notwendig, die relevanten Kernprozesse der Einkaufsbereiche stetig im Blick zu halten und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren und umzusetzen. Dieser Beitrag will zu einem Überblick für die Prozessoptimierung mithilfe des Einsatzes digitaler Technologien speziell in Einkaufsbereichen beitragen. Es werden die Spezifika des Einkaufs vorgestellt, relevante Kernaufgaben beschrieben und exemplarisch technologische Ansätze zur Prozessoptimierung anhand von Process Mining, Robotic Process Automation und künstlicher Intelligenz aufgezeigt.
Das produzierende Gewerbe in Deutschland erlebt aufgrund von Technologiewandel im Automobilbau, der Anpassung von Lieferketten und der digitalen Transformation grundlegende Veränderungen. Diese als Chance für künftiges Wachstum zu begreifen ist essenziell und eine zwingende Voraussetzung für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland. Anhand eines konkreten Unternehmensbeispiels werden hierfür zentrale Aspekte für Transformation eines mittelständischen produzierenden Blechbearbeitungsunternehmens hin zu einem netzwerkbasierten Geschäftsmodell betrachtet. Auf Basis der Analyse von Referenzbeispielen webbasierter Vertriebsplattformen in der Blechbearbeitung werden erfolgsrelevante Aspekte für die Ausgestaltung und die Umsetzung für ein Onlineplattformmodell beschrieben. Hierbei wird exemplarisch dargelegt, wie mittels digitaler Vertriebsplattformen in Verbindung mit digitalen Auftragsmanagementprozessen neue Wege für Wachstum ermöglicht werden können.